Parque Nacional La Bayamesa - M.MOAM.INFO (2025)

Bufo peltacephalus—We saw individual toads along the coastal zone of Las Piñas and at the mouth of the. Peladero River, making it very likely that the species.

The Field Museum

Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba Cornell Lab of Ornithology

Financiado por / Partial funding by The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation

The Field Museum Environmental & Conservation Programs 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496, USA

Cuba: Parque Nacional La Bayamesa

Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BIOECO), y/and Museo de Historia Natural “Tomás Romay”

: 13

Instituciones Participantes / Participating Institutions

Rapid Biological Inventories

T 312.665.7430 F 312.665.7433 www.fieldmuseum.org /rbi

Cuba: Parque Nacional La Bayamesa

THE FIELD MUSEUM

CONTENTS

(for Color Plates, see pages 19-26)

Participants

Institutional Profiles

Acknowledgments

Mission and Approach

Report at a Glance

Why La Bayamesa National Park?

99 99 100 104 107

Conservation in the Park Current Status Conservation Targets Threats Recommendations

111 111 112 113 119 120 124 127 129 130 132 134 136 136 139 143

Technical Report Sites Visited Physiographic Characteristics Vegetation Liverworts and Hornworts Mosses Ferns and Fern Relatives Seed Plants Terrestrial Mollusks Spiders Other Arachnids Freshwater Insects Butterflies Hymenopterans Amphibians and Reptiles Birds

149 150 162 167 172 192 213 214 220 221 224 225 228 232

Appendices (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)

Successional Stages in Mountain Rainforest Liverworts Mosses Ferns and Fern Relatives Seed Plants Terrestrial Mollusks Spiders Other Arachnids Freshwater Insects Butterflies Hymenopterans Amphibians and Reptiles Birds

238

Literature Cited

243

Previous Reports

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PARTICIPANTS

FIELD TEAM Miguel Abad Salazar (coordination) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

Andrew Farnsworth (birds) Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca, NY, U.S.A. [emailprotected], [emailprotected]

Félix Acosta Cantillo (vegetation) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

José L. Fernández Triana (hymenopterans, aquatic insects) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

Giraldo Alayón García (spiders) Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba La Habana, Cuba [emailprotected]

Jorge Luis Fontenla Rizo (butterflies, ants) Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba La Habana, Cuba [emailprotected]

William S. Alverson (seed plants) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. [emailprotected]

Robin B. Foster (seed plants) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. [emailprotected]

Tim Barksdale (videography) Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca, NY, U.S.A. [emailprotected]

Julio A. Genaro Artola (hymenopterans) Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba La Habana, Cuba [emailprotected]

Greg Budney (birds) Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca, NY, U.S.A. [emailprotected], [emailprotected]

Guillermo Knell (logistics, amphibians and reptiles) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. [emailprotected]

Manuel J. G. Caluff (ferns and fern relatives) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

Pedro López del Castillo (aquatic insects) Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna (ENPFF) Unidad Administrativa Turquino Bartolomé Masó, Granma, Cuba [emailprotected], [emailprotected]

Luis M. Díaz (amphibians and reptiles) Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba La Habana, Cuba [emailprotected]

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Eddy Martínez Quesada (seed plants) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

Douglas F. Stotz (birds) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. [emailprotected]

Luis O. Melián Hernández (birds) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

Rolando Teruel (other arachnids) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

José Pérez Osoria (protected areas, aquatic insects) Empresa Nacional para la Protección de la Flora y la Fauna (ENPFF) Territorio Granma Bayamo, Granma, Cuba

Nicasio Viña Bayés (physiogeographic characteristics) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

Eduardo Portuondo F. (hymenopterans) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected] Orlando J. Reyes (vegetation) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

Nicasio Viña Dávila (coordination, amphibians and reptiles) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected] Corine Vriesendorp (seed plants) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. [emailprotected]

Alexander Sánchez-Ruiz (spiders) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected] Gustavo Shelton (ferns and fern relatives) Jardín de los Helechos Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

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PARTICIPANTS

COLLABORATORS Dan Brinkmeier (exhibitions and conservation communication) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. [emailprotected]

Carlos Naranjo López (aquatic insects) Universidad de Oriente Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

María del Carmen Fagilde Espinosa (seed plants) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

Ramona Oviedo Prieto (seed plants) Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, CITMA La Habana, Cuba [emailprotected], [emailprotected]

Ansel Fong G. (amphibians and reptiles) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

Yazmín Peraza (coordination) Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba La Habana, Cuba [emailprotected]

Dany González Lazo (aquatic insects) Universidad de Oriente Santiago de Cuba, Cuba

María E. Potrony Hechavarría (mosses) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

David Maceira F. (terrestrial mollusks) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected] Debra K. Moskovits (coordination) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. [emailprotected] Ángel Motito Marín (mosses) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected] Kesia Mustelier Martínez (liverworts) Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected]

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Adrián Trapero Quintana (aquatic insects) Universidad de Oriente Santiago de Cuba, Cuba [emailprotected] Sophia Twichell (coordination, logistics) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. [emailprotected] Tatzyana (Tyana) Wachter (coordination, logistics) Environmental and Conservation Programs The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. [emailprotected]

INSTITUTIONAL PROFILES

The Field Museum

Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad and Museo de Historia Natural “Tomás Romay”

The Field Museum is a collections-based research and educational institution devoted to natural and cultural diversity. Combining the fields of Anthropology, Botany, Geology, Zoology, and Conservation Biology, Museum scientists research issues in evolution, environmental biology, and cultural anthropology. Environmental and Conservation Programs (ECP) is the branch of the Museum dedicated to translating science into action that creates and supports lasting conservation. ECP collaborates with another branch, the Center for Cultural Understanding and Change, to ensure that local communities are involved in efforts for long-term protection of the lands on which they depend. With losses of natural diversity accelerating worldwide, ECP’s mission is to direct the Museum’s resources — scientific expertise, worldwide collections, innovative education programs — to the immediate needs of conservation at local, national, and international levels.

The mission of the Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BIOECO) is to carry out specialized, interdisciplinary studies in the Eastern Region of Cuba that define and characterize the most important and interesting areas for the conservation of biodiversity. BIOECO also works to establish the means and methods for conservation of these areas and the wise use of their resources, as well as to contribute to the ecological recovery and the sustainable socioeconomic and cultural development of the region.

The Field Museum 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 U.S.A. 312.922.9410 tel www.fieldmuseum.org

BIOECO has four Divisions: n

The Tomás Romay Museum of Natural History

Botanical Gardens

Natural Sciences

Protected Areas

These Divisions conduct scientific studies, management of protected areas, ecological planning, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, environmental education, and community projects. Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BIOECO) and Museo de Historia Natural “Tomás Romay” Enramadas #601, esq. Barnada Santiago de Cuba 90100, Cuba 53.22.623277 tel 53.22.626568 fax www.santiago.cu / hosting / bioeco

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INSTITUTIONAL PROFILES

Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba

Cornell Lab of Ornithology

The Museum’s core mission is to collect, research, conserve, and exhibit natural objects to promote scientific knowledge and cultural appreciation of nature. It is an institution comparable, in structure and function, with the international model for this kind of museum; for that reason it includes the following among its fundamental objectives:

The “Lab” is a nonprofit membership institution whose mission is to interpret and conserve the earth’s biological diversity through research, education, and citizen science focused on birds. Our programs work with citizen scientists, government and nongovernment agencies across North America and beyond. We believe that bird enthusiasts of all ages and skill levels can and do make a difference. From backyards and city streets to remote forests, anyone who counts birds can contribute to the Lab’s research. Data from the projects described below are used to monitor bird populations and outline conservation efforts. The Lab’s conservation work is based on sound science and draws extensively from the efforts of other Lab programs. Our conservation staff produces guidelines and manuals to help professional land managers and private landowners make informed, conservation-minded management decisions. Lab staff belong to a number of conservation alliances, including Partners in Flight and the International Whaling Commission, which work hard to affect broad-scale conservation policy. Education is a vital component of the Lab’s mission. We provide to the public a growing number of education projects and courses, and are committed to empowering educators with the tools they need to provide science-based programs to their students.

Research on biogeography, paleogeography, and the biodiversity of Cuba and the Caribbean;

Conservation of the collections of Cuban minerals, rocks, fossils, plants, and animals residing in the Museum, which are part of the National Heritage;

Broadening of these collections so that they will be representative of Cuban nature, and systematic study of the collections and of the environment from which specimens were collected; and

Creation of exhibits about nature, with emphasis on Cuban natural history, and the education of visitors and the general public in a culture of nature.

Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Obispo 61, esq. Oficios y Baratillo Plaza de Armas, La Habana Vieja La Habana 10100, Cuba 537.8639361 tel 537.8620353 fax www.cuba.cu / ciencia / citma / ama / museo / general.htm

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Cornell Lab of Ornithology 159 Sapsucker Woods Road Ithaca, NY 14850 U.S.A. 800.843.2473, 607.254.2473 tel www.birds.cornell.edu

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank everyone who made our biological inventory of La Bayamesa National Park a success. Information presented in this report comes from data we collected during the rapid inventory and also from data collected during other trips to the Park by biologists working in BIOECO and the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (MNHN). The scientific team thanks all collaborators who shared their data from previous fieldwork and literature reviews. We are grateful to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, CITMA), who granted our research and collection permits, and to the Cuban Interests Section in Washington, D.C., who provided visas to American participants. In Havana, Nadia Pérez, Yazín Peraza, and Regla Balmori from the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba skillfully organized the inventory and extended their wonderful friendship. Reinaldo Estrada, from the National Center of Protected Areas (Centro Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, CNAP), provided invaluable comments and recommendations based on the findings from our fieldwork. We thank our cooks, Emelina Martínez and Analaida Parra Osorio, for taking excellent care of us at both camps. We also thank our drivers, José Luis Fabar, Ramón Cueto, and Eduardo Ramos, for transportation during the expedition. Sincere thanks go to Giovanis Hernández Medina, Arturo Zamora Parra, and Alberto Perello Borge, especially for helping us get to the camps, and to José E. Pérez Osoria, who guided us to sites of biodiversity importance. We also thank the people of Barrio Nuevo for their hospitality.

The botanists are indebted to Ramona Oviedo Prieto and María del C. Fagilde Espinosa, who kindly helped with plant identifications, and to M. Lucia Kawasaki, who helped with taxonomy of the family Myrtaceae. Rosser W. Garrison graciously identified a dragonfly from a photograph. Tyana Wachter worked her magic yet again and took care of all necessary coordination; we thank Sophie Twichell for her help as well. Dan Brinkmeier and Guillermo Knell provided logistical support for our presentations of preliminary results in Santiago. We thank Amanda Zidek-Vanega for translations, and Nicasio Viña Bayés, José Leonardo Fernández, Brandy Pawlak, Marjorie Pannell, Doug Stotz, Debby Moskovits, and Sarah Thompson for meticulous revisions of draft versions of this report. Several people generously shared images of Caribbean birds and insects, including Julio A. Genaro, Piotr Naskrecki, Brian L. Sullivan, Wim van der Schot, and Laura Watson. We are grateful to them all. Jim Costello and staff from Costello Communications creatively took our words and images and brought them together in this final product, demonstrating patience and kindness throughout the process. Finally, we are grateful to John W. McCarter Jr. for his continued support of our program. Funds for this rapid inventory were provided by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and The Field Museum.

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MISSION

The goal of rapid biological and social inventories is to catalyze effective action for conservation in threatened regions of high biological diversity and uniqueness.

Approach During rapid biological inventories, scientific teams focus primarily on groups of organisms that indicate habitat type and condition and that can be surveyed quickly and accurately. These inventories do not attempt to produce an exhaustive list of species or higher taxa. Rather, the rapid surveys (1) identify the important biological communities in the site or region of interest and (2) determine whether these communities are of outstanding quality and significance in a regional or global context. During social asset inventories, scientists and local communities collaborate to identify patterns of social organization and opportunities for capacity building. The teams use participant observation and semistructured interviews to evaluate quickly the

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assets of these communities that can serve as points of engagement for long-term participation in conservation. In-country scientists are central to the field teams. The experience of local experts is crucial for understanding areas with little or no history of scientific exploration. After the inventories, protection of wild communities and engagement of social networks rely on initiatives from host-country scientists and conservationists. Once these rapid inventories have been completed (typically within a month), the teams relay the survey information to local and international decision-makers who set priorities and guide conservation action in the host country.

R E P O RT AT A G L A N C E Dates of fieldwork

February 1–10, 2004

Region

This inventory took place in La Bayamesa National Park, located in the central part of the Sierra Maestra Mountains, approximately 36 km directly south of the city of Bayamo (Fig. 1). It covers 241 km2, of which 197 km2 are located on the southern slope and only 44 km2 on the northern slope. The highest point is Pico Bayamesa at 1,752 m.

Sites surveyed

During the rapid inventory, the biological team concentrated research efforts around two camps: Barrio Nuevo and El Zapato (Fig. 1B).

Organisms studied

Terrestrial vascular plants (ferns and fern relatives, and seed plants), terrestrial mollusks, spiders and other arachnids, aquatic insects, butterflies, hymenopterans (ants, bees, and wasps), amphibians, reptiles, and birds. We also studied the condition and distribution of the Park’s vegetation types. Collaborators provided additional data from studies conducted previously in the area on liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.

Highlights of results

This mountainous park retains the majority of its original terrestrial habitats (Figs. 2, 3), including montane rainforest, natural pine forests, cloud scrub formations, cloud forest, and evergreen forests. Large portions of the Park that were disturbed mostly at the beginning of the twentieth century are now being regenerated by natural succession (see Main Threats in this section and Vegetation in the Technical Report). The Park is adjacent to Turquino National Park (Fig. 1B). From a biological point of view, this situation is very favorable because it creates a large block of continuous forest habitat that provides better, long-term protection for some organisms (such as birds) than would two parks at a distance from each other. Using the information we obtained during our fieldwork, supplemented with additional data from other collections, literature, and unpublished studies, we report the following highlights. Birds: We recorded 76 species in La Bayamesa National Park (55 species in Barrio Nuevo and 68 in El Zapato). Based on L. Melián’s previous work in the area, we estimate that approximately 120 species inhabit the Park. We recorded 4 threatened species — Gundlach’s Hawk (Accipiter gundlachi ), Sharp-shinned Hawk (A. striatus), Gray-fronted Quail-Dove (Geotrygon caniceps), and Stygian Owl (Asio stygius)—and it is likely that the threatened Black-capped Petrel (Pterodroma hasitata; Fig. 7D) is also present.

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R E P O RT AT A G L A N C E Highlights of results

We found 11 species endemic to Cuba. The forests seem to harbor exceptional

(continued)

densities of two endemic resident species: Cuban Trogon (Priotelus temnurus; Fig. 7B), and Cuban Solitaire (Myadestes elizabeth; Fig. 7A). Most likely, they are more abundant here than in any other part of Cuba. The Park also harbors exceptionally high densities of wintering migrant birds, notably Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens; Fig. 7C), which occurs here in higher densities than in any other site in the Caribbean (possibly more than 50% of its world population winters here). A small population of a rare wintering migrant, Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli ), could be present as well. Amphibians and reptiles: We recorded 16 amphibian and 20 reptile species (Fig. 6); we observed the Cuban boa (Epicrates angulifer) outside the area’s borders, but rural farmers claim to have seen it within the Park. One amphibian (Bufo peltacephalus) and two reptiles (Anolis noblei and A. guazuma) are not included on our list, but they probably exist within the Park. With their inclusion, the total number of species increases to 39 (17 amphibians and 22 reptiles). We did not find species of the genera Arrhyton, Amphisbaena, or Typhlops, probably because their reclusive habits make them extremely difficult to detect. Of all the species recorded, 15 amphibians and 17 reptiles (93.8% and 85.0%, respectively) are endemic to Cuba, and of those, 7 amphibians and 4 reptiles are endemic to Sierra Maestra. More significantly, 3 species inhabit only areas within the Park (Appendix 12), and 5 others are known to inhabit only this Park and adjacent Turquino National Park. Of the endemics, 10 amphibians (Eleutherodactylus spp.; Figs. 6A-C) and 2 reptiles, Chamaeleolis chamaeleonides (Fig. 6D) and Epicrates angulifer, are also considered threatened. Mammals : We did not survey mammals in the Park. Invertebrates: We observed 8 families, 11 genera, and 13 species of terrestrial mollusks in the Park (Figs. 5A-B). Species richness is high. All of the Park’s montane rainforest species are endemic: 5 (38.5%) are endemic to Sierra Maestra, 6 (46.2%) are endemic to the Eastern Region, 1 (7.7%) is endemic to both the Central and Eastern Regions, and 1 is endemic to Cuba in general. There are 65 species of spiders, grouped in 54 genera and 24 families. Of these, 21 species and 3 families were new records for the Park. Bestrepresented families included Araneidae, Theridiidae, Salticidae, and Tetragnathidae. We found 17 of Cuba’s endemic species (including 3 that are restricted to the Sierra Maesta), which represents 6.9% of the country’s endemic species. Of the Park’s endemics, Argyrodes cubensis is only known to exist from its populations in two localities in the Eastern Region.

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We observed 6 species (all endemic to Cuba) belonging to 6 genera, 4 families, and 3 orders of other arachnids (scorpions, amblypygids, and schizomids ). Our inventory was the first effort to study these groups in the zone. The most interesting record was a new species of Cubazomus. This is the second known species of this genus in the Order Schizomida within Sierra Maestra, and recorded at a high altitude: 1,100 m (the other species lives below 300 m). We collected 2,033 individual aquatic insects assignable to 65 species, 35 families, and 7 orders. Compared to other Cuban data, the number of aquatic insects in the Park is high: its 65 species represent 31.1% of all known Sierra Maestra species and 12.7% of those known for Cuba. We found 26 species endemic to Cuba (40% of all the species found), of which 3 are local endemics: Hagenulus sextus (Ephemeroptera, Leptophlebiidae), Campsiophora mulata (Trichoptera, Glossosomatidae), and Paltostoma palominoi (Diptera, Blephariceridae). The Orders Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and Trichoptera were especially rich in endemic species. We observed 23 butterfly species and predict that 35 occur in the Park. Four are endemic to Cuba, and 2 (Anetia briarea and A. cubana) are considered near threatened globally. The Park harbors a significant diversity of hymenopterans (ants, bees, and wasps). We found 200 species belonging to 10 families and estimate that the number of species easily surpasses 400. We registered 6 genera of the Family Ichneumonidae (Clistopyga, Eruga, Exenterus, Protichneumon, Symplecis, Zatypota) and one Braconidae (Macrostomion) that are new records for Cuba (Fig. 5D) — most of these probably represent species new to science as well. We predict that endemism could be significant for some hymenopterans in the Park because of its altitude, good state of conservation, and relative isolation; rates are close to 40% for the hymenopteran families for which there are data available in Cuba. Results from this inventory suggest that La Bayamesa National Park is a “hot spot” for groups of parasitic wasps, and without a doubt, the area is the most important for the Ichneumonidae in the country. Nonvascular plants: Many Cuban and foreign botanists have visited the Sierra Maestra. Despite their efforts, each additional visit brings new finds, showing that research on its flora is far from complete. The Sierra del Turquino, in which La Bayamesa National Park is found, is one of the most important areas for nonvascular species richness and endemism. There are 172 species of liverworts and related plants, belonging to 63 genera and 19 families, which is a significant portion of the hepaticological flora recorded for the country. Six endemic species occur in the Park, which represent 26% of all the Cuban

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R E P O RT AT A G L A N C E Highlights of results

endemics and 46% of those endemic to Sierra Maestra. Twelve species are

(continued)

globally threatened: 8 Endangered and 4 Vulnerable. The moss flora is represented by 142 infrageneric taxa belonging to 78 genera and 32 families (Fig. 4A). Based on the highest numbers of infrageneric taxa, the following genera are best-represented: Fissidens, Campylopus, Leucobryum, Macromitrium, and Syrrhopodon. Two taxa are endemic: Dicranella hioramii var. hioramii and Syrrhopodon elongatus var. elongatus, and 22 taxa are threatened globally. Vascular plants: The Park harbors a rich pteridoflora (ferns and fern relatives; Fig. 4B). We registered 346 species, 74 genera, and 25 families, representing 53% of all Cuban fern species. We found 2 species that are possibly new to science (Pityrogramma and Pteris), two new records for Cuba (Ophioglossum harrissii and Danaea urbanii ), and 6 new records for the Park. There are 21 endemic and 4 possibly endemic species, for an endemism rate of 7.2%; of these, 3 are found only in the Park, an additional 7 are endemic to Sierra Maestra, and 12 are endemic to eastern Cuba. We recorded 44 species categorized or listed as candidates for categorization as threatened; of these, 10 are found in Cuba only in the studied area. There are 3 naturalized, highly invasive species. We recorded 553 taxa of spermatophytes (seed-bearing plants; Figs. 4C-D) belonging to 315 genera and 103 families, of which 6 or 7 are new records for the Park, Sierra Maestra, or Cuba. We estimate that approximately 700 species exist in the area. Of those recorded for the Park, 6 are considered globally threatened. The families with the most species are Asteraceae (38), Orchidaceae (37), Rubiaceae (32), Poaceae (29), and Fabaceae (28). The percentage of native species is probably over 90%. There are 37 known introduced species; when compared to other protected areas where we have conducted similar inventories, this number is high, probably because human settlements within and around the Park facilitated their introduction and dispersal. We identified 6 native vegetation types in the Park (Figs. 2, 3): cloud forest (above 1,500 m), cloud scrub (over 1,700 m), montane rainforest (between 800 and 1,400 m), natural pine forest (the most extensive found between 700 and 1,100 m), mesophyll evergreen forest, and gallery grassland. Montane rainforest covers the largest surface area within the Park. There are also areas of anthropogenic vegetation, including plantations of Pinus cubensis and P. caribaea that are not native to the Park.

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Main threats

Native habitat destruction and alteration. During the rapid inventory, we observed some areas (mostly in the western portion) where forest cover had been eliminated sometime in the early twentieth century by settlements, logging, and the creation of pasture and cropland (Fig. 2). Because of this, vegetation in many areas is regenerating via natural succession (Fig. 8A). However, in some areas along the Park’s periphery, and in some lower elevation valleys, forest is being fragmented or degraded by human activities — despite the fact that it is formally protected. We did not detect any significant contamination in rivers or streams. Subtle fragmentation of fragile habitats (covering a small area of the Park), such as cloud forests and natural cloud scrub above 1,400 m, is of particular concern. This fragmentation threatens flora and fauna because it creates habitat “islands,” separating species from one another and isolating populations. New roads and trails, unless carefully planned, could increase human presence in susceptible habitats in upper altitudes.

Introduced plants. The presence of exotic species that displace native vegetation represents a significant potential threat. Some introduced plants of concern include eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), cypress (Cupressus spp.), “marabú” (Dichrostachys cinerea), and rose apple (“pomarrosa,” Syzygium jambos). Although these species are not dominant or extensive at present (as they have become in some other parks and ecological reserves in Cuba), it is not clear whether or not they will continue to behave as good citizens — that is, they may displace native vegetation over extensive areas in the future unless they are eliminated or actively managed. There are also many plantations of Pinus cubensis and P. caribaea, which are not native to the area. These species reproduce naturally in the area and easily hybridize with P. maestrensis, the Park’s native species, thereby altering its genetic makeup.

Introduced animals. Predation by introduced animals, such as feral dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus), can affect bird and other faunal communities. At this time, these mammals’ impact on native fauna is unknown. Reforestation may represent a threat to the Park’s entirely endemic malacofauna because non-native mollusks can be introduced in the process.

Current status

La Bayamesa is a National Park, which is a Category II strictly protected area according to IUCN categorization.

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R E P O RT AT A G L A N C E Principal recommendations for protection and management

Reduce or eliminate deforestation or degradation of forested habitats and promote regeneration of large patches of rainforest and natural pine forest. Protect undisturbed or relatively undisturbed native forests. Increase patrols and control within the Park to stop unregulated agriculture and unauthorized logging.

Reduce or eradicate exotic species, focusing on the most damaging first. Eliminate, or at least reduce, exotic plant populations in the Park and prevent the introduction of harmful animals.

Control access to fragile habitats. The cloud forest is especially vulnerable. Expert biologists should be consulted if new roads are built, or existing roads are rebuilt or widened, or when trails are built for tourists, so as to reduce subsequent erosion, disturbances, and habitat fragmentation.

Consolidate park management, providing additional resources and training for personnel. Elaborate the Park’s Management Plan, using information from this and future inventories and other research, and strengthen human resources.

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Why La Bayamesa National Park?

More than one thousand species of plants and an even larger number of animals find refuge in the rough and beautiful landscape of La Bayamesa National Park. Although the Park comprises only 0.2% of the area of Cuba, it is protected by its difficult access. Mostly covered by native forests in a good state of conservation, the Park encompasses the largest contiguous area above 1,200 m altitude in Cuba. Intact cloud forests mantle its tallest mountain peaks, which are named after heroes in the nation’s struggle for independence. Together with the adjacent Turquino National Park, this area is the principal nucleus of biodiversity in the Sierra Maestra and, unquestionably, one of the principal nuclei within all the Caribbean islands. Many species restricted to the Sierra Maestra, including amphibians, insects, mollusks, ferns, and spiders, are found in Parque Nacional La Bayamesa. Eleven species of birds endemic to Cuba are present, often in significant numbers (such as Cuban Trogon and Cuban Solitaire). The Park also shelters hugely important populations of North American migrant birds, especially Black-throated Blue Warbler, and populations of many globally threatened plants and animals. These natural treasures of La Bayamesa deserve to be studied and appreciated in their full magnitude. But, it is one of the least studied national parks in Cuba, even though the information from such studies is crucial for the evaluation of conservation targets and for the development of effective management plans.

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Conservation in the Park

CURRENT STATUS

La Bayamesa National Park is located in the central part of Sierra Maestra, approximately 36 km directly south of the city of Bayamo. It covers 241 km2, of which 197 km2 are located on the southern slope and only 44 km2 on the northern slope. The highest point is Pico Bayamesa at 1,752 m. La Bayamesa National Park is a strictly protected area (Category II, IUCN). Together with Turquino National Park, which is adjacent, it forms the largest mountainous block above 1,200 m in Cuba. These two national parks harbor the greatest biological diversity in Sierra Maestra and contain some of the richest flora and fauna in Cuba. The fact that these protected areas are contiguous not only facilitates management actions but also provides a unique opportunity to safeguard important conservation targets.

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CONSERVATION TARGETS

Conservation targets are the elements of physiographic, biological, or cultural diversity that we want to persist in the landscape. We used the following criteria to choose these targets:

We identified the following conservation targets for the Park during the rapid inventory. Site managers and planners should continue research on these targets to refine our selections. Codes in parentheses refer to the criteria in the sidebar to the left. Detailed lists of conservation targets are provided at the beginning of each group’s chapter in the Technical Report.

C1 Wild vegetation types or aquatic

habitats that are the foundations of native biodiversity

Physiographic Features

Clean, uncontaminated rivers and streams, free of human-produced toxins and sediments that damage

C2 Vegetation types or aquatic

native amphibians, fish, and aquatic insects (C10)

habitats that are especially species rich, diverse, or threatened

Terrestrial Vegetation Types

Montane rainforest and its successional stages, cloud forest, cloud scrub, natural pine forest, and

C3 Wild communities / assemblages

gallery forest, all of which harbor thousands of

that are especially species rich, diverse, or abundant in comparison to those of other landscapes in the country or region

endemic and native plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate species (C1, C4) Nonvascular Plants

Two endemic, threatened liverwort species (Nowellia wrightii and Radula pocsii) (C4, C5), 10 additional

C4 Species, subspecies, or

threatened species (C5), and 4 endemic species (C4)

communities / assemblages that are endemic to the country, to the region, or to the locality

Twenty-two threatened moss species, including Eurhynchium clinocarpum and Hookeriopsis luteo-

C5 Species, subspecies, or

rufescens, which are categorized as globally Critically

communities / assemblages that are rare, threatened, endangered, vulnerable, or declining (including species of economic importance)

Endangered (C5) Vascular Plants

Forty-four species of ferns categorized as or listed as candidates for categorization as threatened;

C6 Species or subspecies under such

intense local harvesting pressure that their populations may be in jeopardy (sufficient information is lacking)

10 of these species are found in Cuba only within the Park (for example, Asplenium alatum and Blechnum gracile) (C5) n

Twenty-five endemic or possibly endemic ferns, 3 of which are found only within the Park, 7 of which

(Codes continued on next page)

are endemic to the Sierra Maestra, and 12 to eastern Cuba (C4)

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C7 Concentrated populations

of migratory species (either as passage migrants or as seasonal residents) that may be vulnerable through their dependence on the landscape’s resources

Vascular Plants

(continued)

considered globally Endangered, Lyonia elliptica (Ericaceae); 5 species considered globally Vulnerable, Begonia cubensis (Begoniaceae), Tabebuia hypoleuca (Bignoniaceae), Juniperus barbadensis var. lucayana (Cupressaceae), Licaria cubensis (Lauraceae), and

C8 Institutions, social assets

Sideroxylon jubila (Sapotaceae) (C4, except Juniperus,

(including human resources), or built structures that are significant for the diversity of the landscape, especially if threatened

and C5); 1 subspecies categorized as Undetermined (C5); and 1 species restricted to small populations along the Peladero River and its tributary, the Nuevo Mundo, Marathrum utile (Podostemaceae) (C5)

C9 Human land uses and

social/ecological practices that apparently support or are compatible with biodiversity conservation

One endemic spermatophyte (a seed-bearing plant)

Mollusks

Five species endemic to the Sierra Maestra Subregion and 6 endemic to the Eastern Region: Helicina subglobulosa leoni, Troschelvindex arangianum turquinensis, Cysticopsis lessavillei,

C10 Physiographic features of

Obeliscus (Stenogyra) clavus flavus, Veronicella sp.

the landscape that harbor significant native biodiversity and are at risk

nov., Alcadia (Idesa) spectabilis, Emoda p. pulcherrima, Zachrysia (Chrysias) bayamensis, Coryda lindoni, Cysticopsis pemphigodes, and Obeliscus (Pseudobalea) latus (C4, C5) Arachnids

Populations of 17 endemic spider species in the Park, especially Argyrodes cubensis, which is known from only two localities in the Eastern Region, and Leucauge spiculosa, Modisimus pavidus, and Hibana turquinensis, which are only known for a few localities within the Sierra Maestra (C4)

The population of a schizomid, Cubazomus sp. nov. (Hubbardiidae), the second known species of this genus endemic to Sierra Maestra (C4)

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Conservation Targets (continued)

Insects

Communities of aquatic insects, especially 26 endemic species, of which 3 are particularly important because they are Park endemics: Hagenulus sextus (Ephemeroptera), Campsiophora mulata (Trichoptera), and Paltostoma palominoi (Diptera) (C4)

Four butterfly species endemic to Cuba (Calisto sibylla, Anetia cubana, Greta cubana, and Parides gundlachianus) (C4)

Communities of hymenopterans (wasps, bees, and ants), especially groups of parasitic wasps that are more diverse and abundant here than in any other place in the country, including genera that in Cuba have only been found in this region (Clistopyga, Eruga, Exenterus, Macrostomion, Protichneumon, Symplecis, Zatypota) (C3, C4)

Endemic ant species (Camponotus gilviventris, endemic to Cuban mountainous zones, and Leptothorax bruneri, a regional endemic) (C4)

Amphibians and Reptiles

Twelve species considered threatened (Eleutherodactylus albipes, E. cubanus, E. glamyrus, E. gundlachi, E. intermedius, E. ionthus, E. jaumei, E. melacara, E. ricordii, E. turquinensis, Chamaeleolis chamaeleonides, and Epicrates angulifer), which are also endemic to Cuba (C5, C4)

Ten species whose ranges are restricted to the Sierra Maestra forests (Eleutherodactylus albipes, E. cubanus, E. glamyrus, E. jaumei, E. melacara, E. turquinensis, Eleutherodactylus sp. nov., Anolis clivicola, A. altitudinalis, and Diploglossus garridoi ) (C4)

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Conservation Targets (continued)

Birds

Four or five threatened species: Gundlach’s Hawk (Accipiter gundlachi ), Sharp-shinned Hawk (A. striatus), Gray-fronted Quail-Dove (Geotrygon caniceps), Stygian Owl (Asio stygius), and, if its presence is confirmed, Black-capped Petrel (Pterodroma hasitata) (C5)

Eleven Cuban endemics (C4)

Terrestrial migrant birds from North America, including Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli ) (C7)

Mammals and Human Communities

We did not survey mammals or evaluate the human communities within and around the Park.

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THREATS

DESTRUCTION AND ALTERATION OF NATIVE HABITATS Terrestrial habitats During the rapid inventory, we observed some areas (mostly in the western portion; Fig. 2) where forest cover had been eliminated sometime in the early twentieth century by settlements, logging, pasture, and cropland. Because of this, vegetation in many areas is regenerating via natural succession. However, in some areas along the Park’s periphery, and in some lower elevation valleys, forest continues to be fragmented or degraded by human activities — despite formal protection of the Park. For example, habitat loss is extensive in the La Mula, Guayabo, La Plata, and La Bruja River Basins. Many native species depend entirely on very specific microhabitats for survival. Deforestation not only affects the timber species that are cut out of the forests, but also different groups associated with these forests. For example, most liverworts living in the understory or on other plants need microhabitats of a certain age, and specific pH, shade, and humidity to grow and reproduce. Likewise, many mollusks, arachnids, insects, amphibians, and reptiles are also extremely sensitive to localized habitat loss or destruction. Subtle fragmentation of fragile habitats is of particular concern. This fragmentation threatens flora and fauna because it creates habitat islands, which separate populations of the same species from each other. High-altitude habitats (those above 1,400 m, including cloud forest and cloud scrub) face the highest risk of degradation. Historic patterns of degradation of the Park’s montane rainforests and mesophyll evergreen forests in lower altitudes have created isolated patches of some native plants and animals, which are now threatened with disappearance from the Park. Roads and trails There are very few roads within the Park, but the potential for new roads and trails is cause for concern. Increased vehicular traffic could alter the structure of the bird communities by introducing new species to the area, and it could change the structure and distribution of vegetation. Subsequent increased hunting pressure may also stress certain bird species. 104

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Threats (continued)

New roads and trails, unless carefully planned and implemented, could also increase human presence in fragile, high-altitude habitats. High-altitude vegetation covers a small surface area in the Park and is vulnerable to excessive collection of plant material and human presence. Current projects designed to facilitate access to these areas represent an immediate threat. Aquatic habitats Fortunately, we did not detect any significant sources of contamination, such as dumping in rivers and creeks, which are typically the biggest threats to lotic ecosystems. As long as natural resource use remains as it is now, freshwater macroinvertebrate communities are not at risk. We did see many ruts along the roads caused by fluvial erosion. Soil loss from erosion along these roads or any other construction area on steep slopes in the Park would have a negative local effect on some aquatic organisms.

EXOTIC, INVASIVE SPECIES Plants Another significant potential threat is the existence of exotic plants that displace native vegetation in some areas in the Park. For example, several intentionally planted species in the Park include eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) and cypress (Cupressus spp.). Several other non-natives escaped cultivation and have invaded the forests, such as “marabú” (Dichrostachys cinerea, Fabaceae) and rose apple (Syzygium jambos, Myrtaceae). While these exotic species are not as pervasive or extensive as some in other parks or ecological reserves in Cuba, it is not clear whether or not they will behave as good citizens within La Bayamesa National Park in the future. That is, these species have the potential to displace large areas of native species if they are not eliminated or managed now, while they are still controllable.

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Threats (continued)

Finally, there are several plantations of Pinus cubensis and P. caribaea, which are not native to the area. These species naturally reproduce in the Park and easily hybridize (especially the first) with native P. maestrensis, thereby altering its genetic makeup. Animals Predation by introduced species, such as feral dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus), could be affecting bird and herpetological fauna communities. The level of impact on native fauna is unknown. A threat to the Park’s entirely endemic malacofauna is deforestation and subsequent reforestation, which could introduce non-native mollusks.

OTHER POTENTIAL THREATS Amphibian declines and extinctions have not been documented in Cuba, but the possibility exists, especially in high-altitude, forested areas (La Bayamesa, for example). Most species in decline in Latin America live above 500 m altitude (Lips et al. 2003). The lack of baseline studies or previous data in Cuba may be masking the magnitude of amphibian declines on the island. West Nile virus is a potential threat, but we do not have sufficient information regarding its possible occurrence among resident and migrant species populations of birds.

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EN ES RECOMM ED N ADCAITOI N ON Based on the Park’s conservation targets and threats, we offer the following recommendations, including specific notes on protection and management, and additional scientific research (inventories, research, and monitoring). Collaboration among local communities, scientists, park managers, and local governments will provide deeper and broader content for our goals and strategies. For more detailed, organism-specific recommendations, see the Technical Report. Protection and management

Reduce or eliminate deforestation and degradation of native habitats. n

Protect native forests (rainforest, cloud forest, evergreen forests) and scrub.

Increase vigilance and enforcement within the Park to eliminate unregulated agriculture and unauthorized logging, thereby protecting remnant stands of natural forest.

Reduce or eradicate exotic species, focusing on the most harmful first. n

Eliminate (or at least reduce) exotic plant populations (eucalyptus, cypress, Dichrostachys, rose apple, and others) from the Park.

Prevent harmful animals from entering the forests (for example, feral dogs and cats, and non-endemic mollusks).

Control access to fragile habitats. Strictly limit (to small groups only) and control access to the cloud forest ecosystem (which is especially vulnerable), and strictly control excessive botanic and zoological collections. Restrict access (only permitting scientific research) to Pico Botella, Pico Maceo, and La Bayamesa’s second peak, the natural pine forests at María Tomasa (Colón) and La Francia, as well as other places where endemic, rare, and/or threatened communities are concentrated.

Carefully plan any new road or improvement project. n

Consult biologists with expertise regarding vegetation, herpetology, birds, and aquatic environments if new roads are built, or existing roads are rebuilt or widened, or when trails are built for tourists, to help determine how best to reduce subsequent erosion, disturbances, and habitat fragmentation.

Consider the indirect effects of new roads and increased access by humans; for example, the potential for increase in illegal logging or unauthorized collection of Park fauna.

Maintain water quality, preventing sedimentation and contamination of aquatic habitats. Implement erosion control along ruts and control water flow along roads and other areas where it causes damage.

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R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S Protection and management

Promote regeneration of large rainforest and natural pine forest patches. n

(continued)

Reforest pasture areas within rainforests using passive and active processes and native species (appropriate to altitude) in the Park (especially areas in and around Pata de la Mesa).

Prevent human-caused fires in the pine forests.

Consolidate park management, providing additional resources and personnel training. n

Elaborate the Park’s Management Plan using information from this and future inventories and research to protect ecosystem integrity and indigenous species.

Strengthen human resource capacities.

Consider self-financing strategies for the Park’s long-term maintenance and conservation.

Develop “sustainable use” areas in La Bruja and in Marverde (disturbed and populated areas), that is, promote development that is compatible with the conservation of indigenous species and communities.

Raise awareness of the Park’s value and benefits. Increase environmental education programs in nearby communities to establish conservation awareness.

Additional inventories

Gather more information on native species and their distribution in the Park. Here we present a sampling of the specific recommendations detailed in the Technical Report. 01

Continue biological inventories in other locations, during dry and rainy seasons.

Conduct additional, detailed inventories of the pteridoflora, which are lacking for many areas, especially La Sierrita (or “Maestrica”) de los Libertadores.

Carry out more inventories of the area’s entirely endemic mollusk community, which are needed to understand its composition.

Survey aquatic insects in different rivers and streams during the rainy and dry seasons to increase the total number of known species, and (most likely) find species new to Cuba and to science.

Devise an annual collection plan of hymenopterans in different areas in the Park. This will reveal the true magnitude of the Park’s hymenopteran biodiversity and most likely will lead to finding many species new to Cuba and to science.

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Additional inventories

(continued)

Conduct additional studies of the herpetofauna of the southeastern area of the Park (called “Maestrica de los Libertadores”), which is poorly known due to difficult access.

Monitor the presence and level of West Nile virus in populations of resident and migratory birds.

Research

Investigate active and passive regeneration methods for disturbed and damaged forests. n

Study the various successional stages, especially in the montane rainforest (Appendix 1), to understand and actively facilitate succession, if passive methods do not work.

Study how to replace Pinus cubensis planted in the area. It is a major threat to Pinus maestrensis (because they can easily hybridize). Study how gradually to remove Pinus caribaea plantations from the Park, focusing first on regeneration around roads and other open areas.

Study the effects of introduced, exotic species on native biodiversity. Determine which exotic species cause the most damage and then study their population biology in the Park. Using results from these studies, design management actions that address these threats. For example, understand and quantify the effects of feral dogs and cats on amphibians and reptiles in the Park to develop better control and eradication strategies. Also determine the effects of other feral or introduced animals on the survivorship of groundnesting birds and on the health of understory vegetation.

Increase studies on the distribution, ecology, and phenology of threatened and endemic plant and animal species. n

Research why ichneumon wasps are so abundant and diverse in the Park.

Study the breeding biology and behavioral ecology of endemic birds in various sites. Factors driving high densities of some endemic species at sites we visited are unknown.

Study the ecological roles of migratory birds. Carry out banding, point and transect counts, visual counts of daytime migrants, audio monitoring of nocturnal migrants, winter surveys of migrant populations, and winter survivorship studies.

Resolve the mysteries surrounding certain native bird species in the Park. n

Observe Black-capped Petrel over the sea, close to the coast, and flying over

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R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S Research

inland territory at night to determine whether or not this species reproduces

(continued)

in the Sierra Maestra. Since nesting colonies for the area have not been confirmed, surveys of appropriate, potential nesting habitats are needed. n

Conduct additional studies to learn about the biology of Bicknell’s Thrush. Such studies should include active “playback” techniques, area searches, and point and transect counts to determine the species distribution and abundance in the Park, especially near the highest peaks (over 1,400 m).

Determine the requirements for secondary-cavity nesting species in the Park. Questions to consider include: What is the relationship between woodpecker abundance and other species that require secondary cavities for nesting? Is cavity availability a limiting factor for distribution and abundance of certain species in the Park? Is this why no Cuban Parrots (Amazona leucocephala) are found in the Park?

Complete vertebrate inventories and conduct population studies. n

Survey mammals in the Park while actively considering the possibility of finding the almiquí (Solenodon cubanus), whose last report for Sierra Maestra came from an area within the Park.

Develop population studies of rare and threatened species, such as the frogs Eleutherodactylus albipes, E. cubanus, and E. turquinensis, which inhabit isolated areas or fragmented habitats.

Monitoring and surveillance

In general, site managers should give special attention to endemic species categorized as Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable (see the list of Conservation Targets). Monitoring strategies for these species should be established, analyzing potential threats and estimating their distribution in the area. These actions will help to develop measures for maintaining their populations in the Park over the long term.

Exotic species identified as potential threats to native species should be monitored. For example, monitor cypress (Cupressus), “marabú” (Dichrostachys cinerea), and rose apple (Syzygium jambos) to determine if their populations are growing at an accelerated rate.

Aquatic insect communities have been used as water-quality indicators in various countries. The data collected during this inventory and presented in this report can serve as a baseline for monitoring water quality in the Park. Changes in water quality because of contamination or deteriorating ecosystems can be detected using these baseline data.

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Technical Report

SITES VISITED During the rapid inventory, the biological team concentrated survey efforts around two camps: Barrio Nuevo and El Zapato (Fig. 1B). As is noted in the individual chapters of this report, we collected data during this inventory from in and around the camps and from many locations within one day’s walk from the camps. We also include data collected from additional sites during a BIOECO expedition in 2003 and from other previous visits by us or our collaborators. More information is provided in individual chapters. Barrio Nuevo (20°01.545'N, 76°41.749'W, ca. 1,293 m altitude) Half of the biological team worked in the area around this camp from February 1 to 10, 2004. The camp was located in montane rainforest along the dirt road running down to the southern coast. From this camp, we explored cloud forests on Pico Botella, Naranjal’s evergreen forests, gallery forest along the Nigua River, and other habitats. There are approximately 12 km between the two camps. Walking from one to the other, we passed (1) the intersection of the road running from Barrio Nuevo to San Pablo de Yao Arriba with a mule trail heading towards El Zapato at 20°03.560'N, 76°41.688'W, ca. 1,322 m altitude, (2) the abandoned town of El Manguito at 20°03.297'N, 76°41.274'W, ca. 1,205 m altitude, and (3) the intersection of the trails to El Manguito, El Zapato, and Pino del Agua Arriba at 20°03.501'N, 76°39.274'W, ca. 1,247 m altitude. El Zapato (20°02.550'N, 76°39.657'W, 840-860 m altitude) The other half of the biological team worked in this area from February 2 to 9, 2004. It is located in a gallery forest along the banks of Arroyo El Manguito (El Manguito Stream), at its intersection with the Nuevo Mundo River (downriver, it is called the Peladero River). From this camp, we worked in the basins of the streams Arroyo El Maguito, Arroyo Nuevo Mundo, Arroyo Hondo, and the headwaters of the Peladero River to the old barracks at Pino del Agua Arriba (20°03.890'N, 76°37.190'W, 1,276 m altitude). We also explored natural and planted pine forests, and old coffee plantations abandoned 20 years ago.

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PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

HYDROLOGY

Participant / Author: Nicasio Viña Bayés

The Park’s northern slope forms part of the headwaters of the Bayamo River (Fig. 1B). Most of the Park’s

La Bayamesa National Park is located in the central part of the Sierra Maestra, approximately 36 km directly south of the city of Bayamo. It covers 241 km2, of which 197 km2 are located on the southern slope and only 44 km2 on the northern slope. The highest point is Pico Bayamesa at 1,752 m.

hydrological network drains into the Peladero River, whose basin covers 28% of the Park’s surface. The eastern portion drains into Bayamita River, which emerges in this area on the flanks of Pico Bayamesa. The western portion drains into La Mula River, whose headwaters are located on the slopes of Pico Botella. Several rivers drain toward the south, including La Bruja, La Uvita,

GEOLOGY

Las Agujas, Avispero, Uvero, and Las Bijas (Fig. 1B),

The area’s geology is characterized principally by

all characterized by short courses and fairly small flows

the presence of the undifferentiated El Cobre Group,

that become mountain torrents during heavy rainfall.

of the Paleocene-Eocene Period. The most abundant rocks include andesites and tufas, mixed with volcanic breccias (lavas brechas) and agglomerates of mid-acidic composition. There are granodiorite elements, some of which present hydrothermal alteration, and also small particles of porphyritic diorites.

CLIMATE The climate is fairly constant throughout, although there are some differences between the northern part of the Park and the southern border. There is only one season in the area closest to Sierra Maestra’s principal ridges (where altitudes mostly exceed 1,200 m) and the portion

RELIEF

on the northern slope, with rainy, “wintery” conditions

Relief is defined by a tectonically rising terrain,

year-round. Relative humidity is between 87 and 92% in

characteristic of the Sierra Maestra, which has led to

the morning (7:00 am) and between 75 and 80% in the

the drainage network’s intense action. Rivers have

afternoon (1:00 pm) (Montenegro 1991). Precipitation is

excavated deep valleys that separate crests with steep

elevated, oscillating between 1,800 and 2,300 mm per

slopes. Taken together, these give the territory a very

year. The rainiest period is between April and October,

complex character and create strong erosive processes.

with values between 1,200 and 1,400 mm (more than

The few areas of moderate relief are confined to the

170 mm per month). May, September, and October are

Park’s southern zones (Fig. 1A).

the rainiest months. During the drier period,

Of the Park’s 241 km2 total surface area, 178 km2 are at altitudes greater than 800 m and

precipitation fluctuates between 700 and 900 mm. At the same time, average annual evaporation

68 km are at altitudes greater than 1,200 m. This is

is low. Most days are cloudy and cool, with more than

very significant, since this portion of the Park represents

230 days of fog and low clouds; more than 160 days

the largest surface area above 1,200 m in Cuba.

have dense fog. The months with the densest, foggiest

In addition to Pico Bayamesa, six of the

days are October to May (15 days or more per month),

highest peaks in Cuba are found within the Park:

while June to September have the least, with 10 days or

Martí (1,722 m), Maceo (1,720 m), Máximo Gómez

less per month of thick fog (Montenegro 1991).

(1,680 m), Céspedes (1,424 m), Calixto García (1,335

In areas below 800 m altitude on the

m), and Pico Botella (1,557 m). The first five peaks

southern slope, the difference between the rainy season

plus Bayamesa Peak are known as the “Maestrica

and the dry season is more marked. There is less overall

de los Libertadores.”

rainfall; annual precipitation fluctuates between 1,100 and 1,400 mm.

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In the northern part, the trade winds from the northeast predominate. The strongest winds (from

is moderate. Frequently, there are gravelly portions and rocky outcroppings.

November to April) are also found here. In contrast, the southern portions are subject to the Föhn effect and are

Suelo Esquelético

affected during the day by sea breezes from the southeast

This “skeletal” soil type is dispersed throughout the

(Montenegro 1991). In valleys or basins where air tends

Park. It is rocky and appears on steep slopes and in the

to get trapped because of poor drainage, cold air descends

higher altitudes of some crests. Generally, it is not more

and accumulates at night, which results in extreme

than 10 cm deep.

minimum temperatures just before dawn. This is a common occurrence in the Peladero River Valley. Average annual temperature varies between 16 and 20ºC. January average temperatures fluctuate

VEGETATION Participants / Authors: Orlando J. Reyes and Félix Acosta Cantillo

between 14 and 18ºC, and July temperatures between 18 and 22ºC. In the highest altitudes, above 1,200 m, minimum average temperatures vary between 12 and

Conservation targets: Montane rainforest and its successional stages, cloud forest, native cloud scrub formations, and native pine forests

16°C, average absolute maximum temperatures are between 26 and 30ºC, and average absolute minimum

INTRODUCTION

temperatures are between 4 and 8ºC. Below 1,200 m, average absolute maximum temperatures range from 28 to 32ºC, and average absolute minimum temperatures range from 8 to 12ºC. Minimum temperatures drop 0.6°C for every 100 m climb in altitude on the southern slope.

La Bayamesa National Park is in the central part of the Sierra Maestra Occidental (the Western Range), in the most elevated mesoblock (Hernández 1989). It has the best-conserved vegetation and is the most valuable landscape in this mountainous massif. It is also

SOILS

the massif’s most important biodiversity refuge. Certain parts of the Park’s forests were exploited for timber,

There are three types of soil in the Park (Renda et al. 1981). Soil characteristics are detailed below. Suelo Ferralítico Lixiviado (sensu Hernández et al. 1994) Ferralítico Rojo Lixiviado Soil is the most extensive soil type in the territory. Generally it is found on a ferralitic weathered crust. Depth varies from shallow

mostly for Pinus maestrensis (Pinaceae) and other zones were cultivated. However, almost all these activities came to an end more than 35 years ago, and now various, distinct phases of vegetative development via natural succession are evident. METHODS

to very deep. The soil is poor and acidic, with very little

In this study, we conducted direct mapping of the

organic material. (Ferralitico Amarillento Lixiviado soil

vegetation using 1:50,000 maps. To do so, we surveyed

predominates in cloud forest and cloud scrub — see

the area and recorded some points using a GPS

Vegetation, below.)

(Magellan 10). We analyzed vegetation types (Reyes, in press), their structure and successional stages, and we

Suelo Pardo Sin Carbonato

described the characteristics and floristic composition of

This soil dominates the Park’s southernmost portions.

each stratus, as well as the humus layers.

Its formation is related to tufas. On average, it reaches 45 cm in depth. Surface runoff is regular and absorption

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(Cyrillaceae), Magnolia cubensis subsp. cubensis

VEGETATION TYPES The diversity of vegetation in the Park (Figs. 2, 3) is a result of varied ecological conditions, primarily due to differences in altitude, but sometimes also because of soil conditions. The Park’s different vegetation types include:

(Magnoliaceae), Clusia grisebachiana (Clusiaceae), and Alsophila major (Cyatheaceae); additional constant species include Ditta myricoides (Euphorbiaceae), Myrsine coriacea (Myrsinaceae), Ixora ferrea (Rubiaceae), Chionanthus domingensis (Oleaceae),

Cloud forest

Cloud scrub

Montane rainforest

Natural pine forests

Mesophyll evergreen forest

Gallery grassland

Anthropogenic vegetation

Brunellia comocladifolia (Brunelliaceae), and Weinmannia pinnata (Cunoniaceae). Less frequent species include Cyathea furfuracea (Cyatheaceae), Clethra cubensis (Clethraceae), Henriettea ekmanii (Melastomataceae), and Ternstroemia peduncularis (Theaceae). The shrub layer covers between 40 and 70%, and the most conspicuous species is Graffenrieda rufescens (Melastomataceae); other constant species include Palicourea alpina (Rubiaceae), Cyathea parvula (Cyatheaceae), Ilex macfadyenii (Aquifoliaceae),

Cloud forest (bosque nublado)

Viburnum villosum (Caprifoliaceae), Lyonia elliptica

Cloud forest (sensu Samek, unpublished; Reyes,

(Ericaceae), Eugenia laeteviridis (Myrtaceae), and

unpublished) appears around 1,500 m altitude and

Purdiaea stenopetala (Cyrillaceae). The herbaceous layer

extends to Pico La Bayamesa (1,752 m). It generally

usually covers between 50 and 60%, occasionally more

grows over abrupt topographic formations (Fig. 3D).

or less. The most frequent species include Hedyosmum

Predominantly, the soil is Ferralítico Amarillento Lixiviado (Hernández et al. 1994), which

114

grisebachii (Chloranthaceae) and Lisianthius glandulosus (Gentianaceae) (both abundant), Scleria lithosperma

is typical above 1,500 m. According to Renda et al.

(Cyperaceae), Zeugites americana (Poaceae), Ocotea

(1981) and Renda (1989), pH of the upper horizons

spathulata (Lauraceae), a species of Ilex (Aquifoliaceae),

is acidic to very acidic (reaching values of 4.5 to 5.3 in

Callicarpa ferruginea (Verbenaceae), and the following

water). Assimable nitrogen varies between 0.80 and

ferns: Odontosoria scandens (Lindsaeaceae), Sticherus

11.08 mg / 100 g and tends to diminish abruptly with

bifidus (Gleicheniaceae), and Trichomanes robustum

depth. Phosphorus is absent or found only in trace

(Hymenophyllaceae). Also observed, albeit more

amounts. Assimilable potassium fluctuates between

dispersed, are Sapium erythrospermum (Euphorbiaceae),

3.0 and 10 mg/100 g. The sum of basic cations (CCB [S])

Phaius tankervilliae (Orchidaceae), Campyloneurum

is very low, generally between 1.44 and 5.02 mEq/100 g,

phyllitidis (Polypodiaceae), Peperomia tenella

and the cation exchange capacity (CCC [T]) is from

(Piperaceae), and a moss of the genus Polytrichum

2.5 to 18.75 mEq/100 g. This demonstrates low cation

(Polytrichaceae). This forest is very liana-poor (some

saturation and the complex is cation-poor, due to the

ferns with this character are mentioned in the herbaceous

intense weathering processes. In the cloud forest’s

layer, above), yet very rich in epiphytes: we observed

altitudinal range, average temperature fluctuates between

Isochilus linearis (Orchidaceae), Psychotria

15.2°C (on the north slope) and 15.5°C (on the south

guadalupensis (Rubiaceae), Guzmania monostachya, a

slope) at 1,500 m, to 14°C at 1,750 m (Montenegro 1991).

species of Catopsis (Bromeliaceae), Polybotrya

The arboreal layer reaches between 10

osmundacea (Dryopteridaceae), Microgramma

and 15 m and has coverage of 80 to 100%. Constant

lycopodioides (Polypodiaceae), Hymenophyllum

and abundant species include Cyrilla racemiflora

polyanthos (Hymenophyllaceae), and a large number

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of hepatics and mosses that are locally found in

position and height of the peak. At present, it is

great abundance.

considered in a “Fiera I” successional stage in the system

One characteristic of this forest is that the

put forth in Budowski (1985), Valdes-Lafont (1986),

humus layers are very well defined (sensu Herrera and

and Capote et al. (1988). Its soil, Ferralítico Amarillento

Rodríguez 1988). The L horizon reaches 2 cm, with

Lixiviado, is severely eroded and develops on tufas and

some variation. The F layer varies between 1 and 2 cm,

sandy tufas.

and the H layer constitutes a well-developed root mat,

This scrub has no stratification and reaches

embedded in a humus matrix with fine roots and rootlets

between 2 and 3 m in height. Some zones have 100%

where this ecosystem’s nutrient cycle is concentrated.

coverage. The central area, which is visited by people,

Its poor and acidic soil does not play a vital role in

has dispersed plants. The most abundant species are

plant nutrition (actually, the soil barely contributes),

Ageratina paucibracteata, Cyrilla racemiflora,

but rather it serves as the physical medium supporting

Vaccinium cubense, Zeugites americana, Coccocypselum

plants and their thick roots.

herbaceum (Rubiaceae), and Lycopodium clavatum (Lycopodiaceae). Moderately abundant species are

Cloud scrub (matorral nublado)

Pteridium aquilinum var. arachnoideum, Sticherus

This cloud scrub is located next to the summit of

bifidus, Panicum glutinosum (Poaceae), Cyathea

dual-peaked Pico Bayamesa, close to 1,700 m. It is

parvula, and Alsophila major. Other species can also

found on the northeastern exposure, the portion most

be found, such as Lyonia elliptica, Purdiaea stenopetala,

affected by trade winds. The soil is the same as that

Myrica punctata and M. cacuminis (Myricaceae),

previously described for the cloud forest. The shrub

Myrsine coriacea (Myrsinaceae), Weinmannia pinnata,

layer is very dispersed, covering 30%, and reaching

Ilex macfadyenii, Brunellia comocladifolia, Garrya

2.0 to 2.5 m in height (on exception, certain individuals

fadyena (Garryaceae), Clusia grisebachiana (Clusiaceae),

may reach 3 m). Species present are Cyrilla racemiflora

Hypericum hypericoides (Hypericaceae), Clethra

(abundant), Lyonia elliptica, Ilex macfadyenii, Vaccinium

cubensis, Viburnum villosum, Hedyosmum grisebachii,

cubense (Ericaceae), Hedyosmum grisebachii, Myrsine

Scleria lithosperma, and Blechnum lineatum

coriacea, Brunellia comocladifolia, and Ageratina

(Blechnaceae). Its poor recovery over the last 40 years

paucibracteata (Asteraceae). In contrast, the herbaceous

demonstrates the fragility of the cloud forest and the

layer is dense (100% coverage). A compact mass of the

slow speed at which the restoration process occurs.

fern Dicranopteris flexuosa (Gleicheniaceae) forms the layer, making walking difficult. Covering the soil is a

Montane rainforest (pluvisilva montana)

mass of dead plant parts (same species) approximately

The montane rainforest (sensu Capote and Berazain

30 cm thick, full of rhizoids. In addition to Dicranopteris

1984; Borhidi 1996, 1998; Reyes, in press) predominates

flexuosa, we observed Lycopodiella cernua (abundant,

between 800 and 1,400 m and covers the most surface

Lycopodiaceae), Pteridium aquilinum var. arachnoideum

area within the Park (Figs. 2, 3B). At higher altitudes

(Dennstaedtiaceae), Scleria lithosperma, Lisianthius

it is transitional with cloud forest, and in lower areas

glandulosus, and Cyathea parvula.

with mesophyll evergreen forest. Relief is abrupt, and 30-degree slopes are frequent. It grows on very poor

Anthropogenic cloud scrub formation

and acidic Ferralíticos Rojo Lixiviado soils (Renda et al.

(matorral nublado antrópico)

1980), on tufas, sandy tufas, and granitoid derivatives.

Anthropogenic cloud scrub is found on Pico Bayamesa,

Humus layers are important for this vegetation type’s

at 1,752 m. It used to be cloud forest, but it was cleared

development. The L layer is between 1.5 and 3.0 cm

in 1962 for a “triangulation” to precisely measure the

thick and the F layer varies between 2.0 and 2.5 cm.

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The root mat fluctuates between 6 and 13 cm,

of Hymenophyllum are most common; other ferns,

sometimes reaching 20 cm in small depressions. This

mosses, and liverworts are also found.

mat is made up of roots and rootlets embedded in a humus matrix and its main function in this ecosystem is

Successional stages in montane rainforest

nutrient recycling. This explains how such a poor soil

(estadios sucesionales en la pluvisilva montana)

can support such exuberant vegetation. Condensation of

In areas where humans altered and later abandoned

atmospheric humidity occurs at this altitude — sufficient

montane rainforest, vegetation is regenerating and

amounts to produce a favorable water balance — and as

changes in structure and floristic composition are evident.

a result, fog and low clouds are present most days.

We estimate that 25% of the Park’s rainforest has been

Average temperature fluctuates between 20°C at the

altered in this way. Once rainforest is converted to

lowest altitudes and 16.2° C in the highest altitudes of

pasture land or land for crops (both land uses represent

this vegetation type (Montenegro 1991).

the most frequent and intense conversions, and have the

Its arboreal layer normally reaches 18 to 20 m,

largest spatial magnitude), then abandoned, plant

but it can also reach or has emergents that reach 25 m.

communities develop and are subsequently replaced until

Coverage varies between 90 and 100%. The most

a new relative equilibrium is established. That is,

frequent species include Magnolia cubensis subsp.

ecological succession occurs, in which structural

cubensis, Matayba apetala (Sapindaceae), Chionanthus

complexity, number of microhabitats, biodiversity,

domingensis, Prunus occidentalis (Rosaceae), Ocotea

and relative stability all gradually increase. We present

leucoxylon, Persea anomala, Cinnamomum elongatum

a more thorough discussion of La Bayamesa National

(Lauraceae), Ixora ferrea, Guatteria moralesii

Park’s montane rainforest’s successional stages and their

(Annonaceae), Miconia pteroclada (Melastomataceae),

relationships in Appendix 1.

and Clusia grisebachiana. The shrub layer normally covers between 40 and 60%, but can fluctuate either

Natural pine forests (pinares naturales)

way. The most abundant species in this layer are

In the Sierra Maestra, pine forests only develop

Meriania leucantha var. nana and Graffenrieda

naturally on areas that have suffered landslides, on soils

rufescens (Melastomataceae), Palicourea alpina, and

derived from granodiorites or very gravelly soils, and

Psychotria grandis (Rubiaceae), and other frequent

along very steep and rocky ridges. These soils are very

species include Eugenia laeteviridis and Alsophila major.

poor and incapable of supporting broadleaf species.

The herbaceous layer is dense, covering between 50 and 80%. The most abundant species vary locally and

northeastern and southeastern portions of the Park.

include Zeugites americana and Arthrostylidium

The pine forests of the location known as “La Francia”

multispicatum (Poaceae), Peperomia hernandiifolia

occupy the Park’s extreme southeastern portion and its

(Piperaceae), Diplasium unilobum (Dryopteridaceae),

buffer zone, between 700 and 1,100 m altitude. Soils

a species of Antirhea (Rubiaceae), Danaea elliptica

are Ferralíticos Amarillentos, sandy (sometimes even

(Marattiaceae), Hedyosmum grisebachii, and

gravelly), and very poor, derived from a granodiorite

Elaphoglossum chartaceum (Lomariopsidaceae).

block that intruded through the rocks of the El Cobre

This vegetation type is liana-poor; the most often

Group. Topography is generally abrupt; slopes are

observed liana species include Odontosoria aculeata

between 30 and 45 degrees. Because of structural

and Arthrostylidium multispicatum. Among the

conditions, it is hard to find flat areas, and large eroded

epiphytes, a species of Guzmania, Tillandsia fasciculata

trenches or ruts form close to one another, some of

(Bromeliaceae), Isochilus linearis, Polybotrya

which are more than 1 m deep.

osmundacea (Dryopteridaceae), and various species

116

The most extensive pine forests are in the

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Its arboreal layer reaches heights of 12 to 20 m

rocks remain — an open area where only pioneer and

and is composed of Pinus maestrensis, with coverage

heliophilous plants can develop. The pine is found among

between 50 and 70%. The shrub layer fluctuates between

these pioneers. The first closed canopy stage is made up

10 and 60%, but mostly between 15 and 30%. Frequent

of Pinus maestrensis, which continues to grow (about one

species include Ageratina paucibracteata (abundant),

meter per year), and is not replaced by broadleaf species at

Critonia dalea (Asteraceae), Myrsine coriacea, Cyathea

this stage. Competition from broadleaf species is restricted

parvula, Myrica cerifera (Myricaceae), Viburnum

to the layers below the pine canopy. As pine groves form,

villosum, Clusia tetrastigma, Ilex macfadyenii, and

their roots and fallen needles begin to improve soil

Cytharexylum caudatum (Verbenaceae). Less common

conditions. In advanced successional stages, however,

species present are Cyrilla racemiflora, Garrya fadyena,

rainforest species begin to close the arboreal layer,

and Tabebuia brooksiana (Bignoniaceae), among others.

preventing pine germination. In the end, only isolated pine

The herbaceous layer is usually made up of thick mats of

trees are observed. Those too eventually disappear, leaving

Dicranopteris flexuosa. Other constant species are Scleria

a closed canopy broadleaf forest with characteristic

lithosperma, Callicarpa ferruginea, a species of

climatic conditions. Succession in pine forest areas also

Eupatorium s.l. (Asteraceae), Panicum glutinosum, and

is discussed in greater detail in Appendix 1.

in isolated patches Gesneria viridiflora var. obovata (Gesneriaceae), a Panicum species (Poaceae), Psilochilus

Mesophyll evergreen forests

macrophyllus (Orchidaceae), Pteridium aquilinum var.

(bosques siempreverdes mesófilos)

caudatum, Clethra cubensis, and Agave underwoodii

Mesophyll evergreen (mesophytic) forests occupy the

(Agavaceae). Occasionally, Coccocypselum herbaceum,

submontane zone of the Park, between the mesophyll

Trema lamarckiana (Ulmaceae), Clusia rosea (Clusiaceae),

semideciduous forest and montane rainforest. León

Panicum pilosum (Poaceae), Guettarda valenzuelana

(1946) called these evergreen forests “manacales” and

(Rubiaceae), Myrica cacuminis, Begonia cubensis

Samek (1974) called them “canelones.” They grow on

(Begoniaceae), a species of Blechnum (Blechnaceae),

soils derived from rocks of the El Cobre Group (mostly

Psychotria brevistipula (Rubiaceae), Andropogon bicornis

andesites), which are principally Pardos Sialíticos,

(Poaceae), and a species of Vernonia (Asteraceae) are also

reasonably moist, and shallow to very shallow, at times

found. Frequently observed lianas include Odontosoria

with rocks on the surface. The climate is relatively cool.

aculeata, Mikania alba (Asteraceae), and Cynanchum

Average annual temperature fluctuates between 22 and

ephedroides (Asclepiadaceae). Occasional species include

23°C in the lower altitudes, and approximately 20°C in

Cissampelos pareira (Menispermaceae), Vanilla bicolor

the higher altitudes. Rainfall is approximately 1,200

(Orchidaceae), Stigmaphyllon sagreanum (Malpighiaceae),

mm per year (Montenegro 1991). The L leaf litter

and Cissus verticillata (Vitaceae). Constant epiphytes are

horizon is well developed and is between 2 and 3 cm

Catopsis floribunda and Tillandsia fasciculata; and

thick. The F humus horizon is approximately 1 cm, and

sometimes T. valenzuelana, T. balbisiana, and

there is no H horizon. In very small depressions, humus

Hohenbergia penduliflora (Bromeliaceae) are present.

accumulates with roots and rootlets. Three layers are distinguishable. The arboreal

Pine forest successional stages

layer reaches heights between 16 and 25 m and coverage

(estadios sucesionales en los pinares)

is 100%. It is very rich in species. Constant and abundant

Succession in these pine forests is different from that

species are Guarea guidonia (Meliaceae), Cinnamomum

of the montane rainforest. When there is a landslide,

elongatum, Dendropanax arboreus (Araliaceae),

which is common in Sierra Maestra, the soil takes all

Pseudolmedia spuria (Moraceae), and Ocotea leucoxylon.

the vegetation with it. Only the exposed crust and altered

Other constant species include Ocotea globosa

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(Lauraceae), Zanthoxylum martinicense (Rutaceae),

reaches 80 to 100 cm in height with dispersed plants

Cupania americana (Sapindaceae), Chrysophyllum

and has between 5 and 10% coverage. The lower

oliviforme (Sapotaceae), Trophis racemosa (Moraceae),

sublayer reaches 20 to 30 cm, and unlike the upper

Prunus occidentalis and P. myrtifolia (Rosaceae),

layer, it is extremely dense, with 100% coverage of

Chionanthus domingensis, Beilschmiedia pendula

Cyperus lanceolatus var. compositus (Cyperaceae),

(Lauraceae), Roystonea regia (Arecaceae), Sapium

on which one can walk. Other dispersed and constant

jamaicense (Euphorbiaceae), and Talauma orbiculata

species in this sublayer are Nephrolepis biserrata,

(Magnoliaceae). Locally, Drypetes alba (Euphorbiaceae)

Phaius tankervilliae, Hypericum hypericoides, and

is abundant, and many other species are scattered. The

Asclepias nivea (Asclepiadaceae). In both sublayers,

shrub layer covers between 20 and 30% and is made up

Cyrilla racemiflora, Cyathea parvula, Andropogon

of mostly arboreal species, including Clusia rosea and

bicornis, Piper aduncum (Piperaceae), Clidemia

Wallenia laurifolia (Myrsinaceae), among others. The

umbellata (Melastomataceae), and Urena lobata

herbaceous layer has 30% coverage, and constant

(Malvaceae) can be found. Locally, Myrsine coriacea,

species include Blechnum occidentale (abundant),

Sticherus bifidus, Tibouchina longifolia

Campyloneurum phyllitidis, Oplismenus setarius

(Melastomataceae), Lycopodium clavatum,

(Poaceae), Oeceoclades maculata, Lophiaris (Oncidium)

Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Verbenaceae), Miconia

lurida (Orchidaceae), a species of Hyperbaena

dodecandra (Melastomataceae), Palicourea alpina,

(Menispermaceae), Psychotria uliginosa and another

Solanum torvum (Solanaceae), Begonia cubensis,

species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae), Pavonia spinifex

Plantago major (Plantaginaceae), and Spermacoce laevis

(Malvaceae), Elephantopus scaber (Asteraceae), and

(Rubiaceae) are also observed.

Lithachne pauciflora (Poaceae). Among the lianas,

118

In areas with human disturbance and

Vitis tiliaefolia (Vitaceae), Pisonia aculeata

intermittent flooding from the Nuevo Mundo,

(Nyctaginaceae), Gouania lupuloides (Rhamnaceae),

Manguito, and Peladero Rivers, the grasslands are

and Lygodium volubile (Schizaeaceae) are constant,

covered with Cyperus lanceolatus var. compositus,

but Trichostigma octandrum (Phytolacaceae), Davilla

as in the typical formation, but the composition of

rugosa (or D. nitida?, Dilleniaceae), and Smilax

accompanying vegetation is different. Here, constant

havanensis (Smilacaceae) are also frequently observed.

species include Cuphea hyssopifolia (Lythraceae),

Hippocratea volubilis (Hippocrataceae), Cissampelos

Sporobolus indicus (Poaceae), Hypericum nitidum

pareira (Menispermaceae), and Passiflora sexflora

(Hypericaceae), Ludwigia octovalvis (Onagraceae),

(Passifloraceae) are occasionally found. In general, this

Sida rhombifolia (Malvaceae), and Pennisetum

forest type has very few epiphytes. The most commonly

purpureum (Poaceae). Occasionally present are

observed species include Lophiaris (Oncidium) lurida

Arundo donax (Poaceae), Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae),

and Campyloneurum phyllitidis.

and Emilia sonchifolia (Asteraceae).

Gallery grassland (herbazal de galería)

Anthropogenic vegetation (vegetación antrópica)

This low, gallery grassland, with isolated sub-shrubs

There are several types of anthropogenic vegetation

and shrubs, is found in flooded riparian terraces along

(Fig. 2). There are secondary grasslands found in

mountainous rivers of the montane rainforests. In the

significant portions of the Park (mostly in the northern,

upper part of the western branch of the La Plata River

western, and southwestern parts). These areas were

and the Nuevo Mundo River, typical grasslands form.

(or are) pastures of Panicum maximum (Poaceae) and/or

The only layer is the herbaceous layer, and it has two

another species of Panicum at the early stages the

clearly distinguishable sublayers. The upper sublayer

successional process (or “syngenetic evolution”). There

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I N FORM E / REPORT NO. 13

are also approximately 35-year-old pine plantations

Implement erosion control actions along the ruts and

(Pinus caribaea, P. cubensis, and P. maestrensis)

control water flow along roads and other areas where

in advanced successional stages (Fiera II). And, in the

it causes damage.

area called El Zapato (in the central part of the Park) and in the La Mula River Basin, remains of coffee plantations exist.

Restrict access (permitting scientific access only) to Pico Botella, Pico Maceo, La Bayamesa’s second peak, and the pine forests at María Tomasa (Colón) and La Francia, and other areas where endemic, rare, and / or

THREATS n

threatened species or communities are concentrated.

Exotic plants, including eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.), cypress (Cupressus spp.), and others planted in El

Research

Manguito, Barrio Nuevo, and other places, may

Study the various successional stages, especially in the

threaten native vegetation.

montane rainforest (see Appendix 1), in order to better

Plantations of Pinus cubensis and P. caribaea,

understand and actively facilitate that process if passive

which are not indigenous to the Park, can naturally

methods do not work.

reproduce in the area. Pinus cubensis hybridizes easily with P. maestrensis. n

Natural habitats have been lost in large areas altered by humans in the La Mula, Guayabo, La Plata, and La Bruja River Basins (Fig. 2).

Long, eroded ruts along roads, caused by water flowing for long distances, lose significant amount of soil due to erosion.

Rigorous conservation measures are absent in the cloud forests, cloud scrub, and natural pine forests, which are

LIVERWORTS AND HORNWORTS Author: Kesia Mustelier Martínez Conservation targets: Endemic and threatened liverworts (Nowellia wrightii, Radula pocsii); threatened liverworts (Anastrophyllum donianum, A. gradsteinii, A. piligerum, Crossotolejeunea prionocalyx, Frullania josephina, Jubula pensilvanica, Lepidolejeunea spongia, Leptoscyphus amphibolius, Plagiochila adiantoides, Radula evansii); and endemic liverworts (Aphanolejeunea evansii, Radula cubensis and R. wrightii, and Riccardia reyesiana)

locally and regionally endemic plant communities. INTRODUCTION RECOMMENDATIONS

Sierra Maestra’s massif has been visited over the

Protection and management

years by various Cuban and foreign botanists. To date,

Eliminate eucalyptus, cypress, “marabú” (Dichrostachys

383 liverworts and hornworts are recorded for the area,

cinerea), rose apple, and other exotic plants.

representing 77% of those present in Cuba (Mustelier

Reforest areas around Pata de la Mesa using native species appropriate for the altitude.

Develop “sustainable development” areas in La Bruja and Marverde (disturbed and populated areas). That

2001). Despite this impressive number of identified species, each collection trip results in new finds, demonstrating that research on this group is far from complete. Sierra del Turquino, in which La Bayamesa

is, promote development that is compatible with the

National Park is located (at the second elevation block),

conservation of native species and communities of

is one of the most important areas of this massif because

indigenous plants and animals.

of its species richness and endemism. Throughout the Park, hepatics abound in several different forested ecosystem types.

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119

RESULTS

THREATS

After reviewing the Herbarium at the Centro Oriental

Forest destruction is by far the biggest threat to the

de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BSC)—whose Bryophyte

Park’s liverworts, since hepatics living in the understory

Section includes 740 plant samples collected from

or as epiphytes on certain forest species are also lost

La Bayamesa National Park — and conducting a

owing to habitat deterioration and fragmentation.

corresponding literature review, I developed a list for the Park, which includes 172 species belonging to

RECOMMENDATIONS

63 genera and 19 families (Appendix 2). This figure

Protection and management

represents a significant percentage of the entire liverwort flora recorded for the country and for the Sierra Maestra. The family with the most diversity and abundance is Lejeuneaceae (as is the case throughout the Neotropics), representing 32% of the samples collected in the Park and 40% of all species present. The Metzgeriaceae and Geocalycaceae follow it in abundance, and Jubulaceae, Radulaceae, and Lepidoziaceae in diversity. In the Park, there are six endemic species (Aphanolejeunea evansii, Nowellia wrightii, Radula cubensis, R. pocsii, R. wrightii, and Riccardia reyesiana), which represent 26% of liverwort endemism in Cuba and 46% of the endemism of the Sierra Maestra. Liverworts are most abundant in humid

Protect rainforests, evergreen forests, and gallery forest with little or no human disturbance. The quantity and variety of the hepatics diminish notably in disturbed environments, and it is very probable that many species can only survive in primary forests (Richards 1984). Research Systematic and taxonomic studies are needed in order to update the list of taxa present in the Park as well as population studies for this plant group, which have not been properly inventoried. Additional inventories Collect during different periods of the year for phenological and taxonomic studies.

forests, mostly in the rainforests, which have the highest species richness and endemism. The most abundant species include Drepanolejeunea orthophylla

MOSSES

and Diplasiolejeunea brunnea (among the epiphytes); Lophocolea bidentata, Marchesinia brachiata, and

Authors: Ángel Motito Marín and María Elena Potrony Hechavarría

Metzgeria elliottii (on tree trunks); species of

Conservation targets: 22 threatened species

Micropterigium and Trichocolea (growing on fallen, decomposing trunks); and Monoclea gottschei and the species of Symphyogyna (growing on soil and rocks). Following the methodology described in Hallingbäck et al. (1996), there are 12 threatened species in the Park: 8 Endangered (Anastrophyllum donianum, A. gradsteinii, A. piligerum, Crossotolejeunea prionocalyx, Jubula pensilvanica, Nowellia wrightii, Plagiochila adiantoides, and Radula evansii); and 4 Vulnerable (Frullania josephinae, Leptoscyphus amphibolius, Lepidolejeunea spongia, and Radula pocsii).

INTRODUCTION Cuban mosses are typically montane. Notable expeditions have been conducted in La Bayamesa National Park because of the biotic and abiotic characteristics known in several different locations. These characteristics form ideal ecological conditions for growth and exceptional diversity of mosses because of their autecology and their relationships with other plants in the forest. High moss diversity—both quantitatively and qualitatively—is present in cloud forests, for example (López et al. 1994), because of this forest type’s optimum

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conditions, including light levels, humidity, and the presence of all substrate types, even uncommon ones

Table 1. Moss taxa present in La Bayamesa National Park, Sierra Maestra, and Cuba

such as epiphytic and lignicolous (woody) substrates. Families

Another thing to keep in mind is that the Sierra Maestra is a crossroads of principal floristic migration and exchange routes, and a refuge of longemergent land (Reyes et al. 1991).

Genera

Infrageneric taxa

La Bayamesa National Park

142

Sierra Maestra

145

330

Cuba

164

410

Of all the moss collections conducted in Sierra Maestra, 30.3% have been from the Park. The most notable collections began in 1941 when J. Acuña and C. V. Morton visited the area (between Turquino and La Bayamesa). During the beginning of the 1950s, Morton intensified explorations. And, in 1987, A. Motito conducted the first moss inventory for La Bayamesa and visited several locations. Principal locations visited include Pino del Agua, Nuevo Mundo, Pico Bayamesa, Pico Botella, María Tomasa, Pico Martí, and Pico Maceo.

RESULTS Richness and endemism There are 142 infrageneric moss taxa in La Bayamesa National Park belonging to 78 genera and 32 families (Appendix 3 and Fig. 4A). In Table 1, we compare the number of taxa present in the Park with the number present in the Sierra Maestra and Cuba. In the Park, the families with largest number of species include Dicranaceae (with 20), Pilotrichaceae (16), Sematophyllaceae (11), and Fissidentaceae (10).

METHODS

All of these families have extensive global distributions. Genera most often represented, according to total

We obtained data for this inventory in two ways. First, we reviewed the samples collected from the zone and deposited in the Bryophytes Section of the Herbarium in Santiago de Cuba (BSC). Second, we collected from the Park along roadsides and roadbanks, creek edges and banks, and from the forest interior,

numbers of infrageneric taxa, include Fissidens (with 10 species), Campylopus (7), and Leucobryum, Macromitrium, and Syrrhopodon (with 6 species each). There are two endemic infrageneric taxa: Dicranella hioramii var. hioramii and Syrrhopodon elongatus var. elongatus.

keeping microhabitat preferences in mind at all times. The process was uncomplicated and followed

Threatened species

conventional methods.

There are 22 threatened infrageneric taxa in the Park:

We followed the taxonomy of Gradstein et al.

2 are Critically Endangered, 13 are Endangered, and 7 are

(2001), and the updates found in Buck (1998) and Zander

Vulnerable (Appendix 3). Each species occupies extensions

(1993), for the pleurocarpic mosses and representatives

less than 10 km2 in the Park. The IUCN Criteria are those

of the Pottiaceae family, respectively. To identify samples,

published in Hallingbäck et al. (1996, 1998). Our analysis

we used three moss keys: Churchill and Linares (1995),

of the Park’s threatened species follows.

Duarte (1997), and Gradstein et al. (2001). To determine threatened species, we followed

Critically Endangered species

the general considerations published in the Conservation

Each of these two species occupies less than 100 km2

Assessment and Management Plan for Select Cuban

worldwide.

Plants Species (CAMP 1998) and IUCN methodology, modified by Hallingbäck et al. (1996, 1998).

Eurhynchium clinocarpum (Brachytheciaceae): This species was collected only once, from Loma Subida Albear, close to Pico Bayamesa; it grows on moist rocks

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in rainforest vegetation between 1,300 and 1,400 m;

Fissidens inaequalis (Fissidentaceae): Collected from

Criteria B1a and 2a.

Pico Bayamesa, growing on moist soil in shady and

Hookeriopsis luteo-rufescens (Pilotrichaceae): Reported by Welch (1969) for Lomas de Oro,

protected places in rainforests between 1,200 and 1,300 m; Criteria B1a and 2a.

La Bayamesa, at 1,725 m; it has not been collected

Leskeodon cubensis (Daltoniaceae): This plant was

since; Criteria B1a and 2a.

collected at Subida Albear, close to Pico Bayamesa; it grows on humid rocks in rainforests between 1,300

Endangered species

and 1,400 m; Criteria B1a, b and 2a, b.

Except for Thamniopsis undata, each of these species occupies an area between 101 and 5,000 km2 worldwide.

Leucoloma mariei (Dicranaceae): This species was collected along the route to Pico Bayamesa; it grows

Aongstroemia jamaicensis (Dicranaceae): Collections

as an epiphyte on the base of tree and shrub trunks

were obtained on Pico Bayamesa and the highest altitudes

in rainforests between 1,300 and 1,500 m; Criteria

in Sierra Maestra; it grows on moist soil and is typical

B1a and 2a.

of rainforests and cloud forests between 1,000 and 1,500 m; Criterion B1a.

Leucoloma schwaneckeanum (Dicranaceae): Collected at the summit of Pico Bayamesa; it grows as an epiphyte

Breutelia jamaicensis (Batramiaceae): Collected in

on tree trunks (on old and rough trunks), in cloud forest

Nuevo Mundo, Pino del Agua, and between Pico 1555

between 1,700 and 1,750 m; Criteria B1a, b and 2a, b.

and Arroyo 26; it grows on leaf litter and humid soil along road and creek banks, in rainforest vegetation between 1,000 and 1,450 m; Criteria B1a and 2a.

Pohlia papillosa (Bryaceae): This species was collected on the route to Pico Bayamesa; it can grow on humid soil and rocks along roadsides and roadbanks, in

Breutelia scoparia (Batramiaceae): Collected from

protected rainforest sites between 1,300 and 1,500 m;

Pico Bayamesa and between Pico 1555 and Arroyo 26;

Criteria B1a and 2a.

it grows profusely over decomposing organic material, mostly on leaf litter and along roadsides, in rainforests and cloud forests between 1,400 and 1,750 m; Criteria B1a and 2a.

Thamniopsis undata (Pilotrichaceae): Global range is less than 100 km2. Welch (1969) recorded this species, and it was collected by Ekman at Pico Bayamesa at 1,600 m; Criteria B1a and 2a.

Cyclodictyon subtortifolium (Pilotrichaceae): This species was collected from Loma Subida Albear, near Pico Bayamesa; it grows on moist rocks in rainforests between 1,300 and 1,400 m; Criteria B1a and 2a. Daltonia longifolia (Daltoniaceae): Collected from

Thamnobryum fasciculatum (Neckeraceae): Collected on Loma Subida Albear, close to Pico Bayamesa; it can grow on moist rocks along roadsides and roadbanks in protected sites within rainforests between 1,300 and 1,500 m; Criteria B1a and 2a.

Loma Subida Albear, close to Pico Bayamesa; it is an epiphyte growing on the trunks and branches of trees and shrubs in rainforests between 1,300 and 1,400 m; Criteria B1a and 2a.

road to Pico Bayamesa, growing on moist soil along trail banks and edges in slightly exposed areas in rainforests between 1,300 and 1,500 m; Criteria B1a and 2a.

RA PI D B IOLOG I CA L I NVE N TOR I E S

Each Vulnerable species occupies an area between 101 and 5,000 km2 worldwide.

Ditrichum rufescens (Ditrichaceae): Collected along the

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Aptychella proligera (Sematophyllaceae): Collected along the road between La Bayamesa and El Nueve, growing on the soil on the roadsides and roadbanks, in rainforests between 1,372 and 1,400 m; Criteria B1a, b.

Atrichum androgynum (Polytrichaceae): This species

loss and fragmentation caused by timber harvest

was collected in Pino del Agua, Pico Bayamesa, El Nueve,

represent the biggest threats to the mosses. Mosses can

and Loma El Rajao; it grows on decomposing organic

also be affected by droughts, hurricanes, and fires.

material, especially leaf litter, and on soil along roadsides and exposed banks (with a certain level of

RECOMMENDATIONS

human disturbance) in rainforests between 800 and

Protection and management

1,450 m; Criteria B1a, b.

The two vegetation types with the most moss diversity

Atrichum angustatum (Polytrichaceae): Collected at

and the highest number of threatened species are the

Pinalón, Nuevo Mundo, and Pico Bayamesa; it prefers

rainforests and cloud forests. In order to conserve

slightly acidic soils, and it grows on soil along the

threatened species, we recommend caring for, protecting,

roadsides and roadbanks, in disturbed sites, and

and properly managing these forest types and the

occasionally between pine needles; the plants are most

phanerogamous flora growing within these ecosystems.

abundant in rainforests between 900 and 1,372 m; Criteria B1a, b. Macromitrium harrisii (Macromitriaceae): Collected

Research n

Increase the number of studies of the distribution,

on Loma Subida Albear, close to Pico Bayamesa; it

ecology, and phenology of threatened and endemic

grows on tree and shrub trunks and it can grow up to

moss species.

2 m above ground; in rainforests between 1,300 and

Research the taxonomy of certain groups, especially

1,400 m; Criteria B1a and 2a.

those groups that have received very little scientific

Macromitrium microstomum (Macromitriaceae):

attention thus far and for which such research has

Collected on Loma Subida Albear, close to Pico Bayamesa,

the potential to increase the number of known taxa,

and along the road to Pico Bayamesa; it can grow on

including species not before reported and even species

moist rocks found along the roadsides and banks and

new to science.

on tree and shrub trunks; it can grow up to 2 m above the ground; it grows in rainforests between 1,300 and 1,500 m; Criteria B1a and 2a.

Additional inventories Continue bryological inventories in other location during the rainy and dry seasons. Future inventories

Philonotis uncinata (Bartramiaceae): This species has been collected on Loma Subida Albear, close to Pico Bayamesa, and along the road to Pico Bayamesa; it can grow on soil and moist rocks on roadsides and banks in protected sites within rainforests between 1,300 and 1,500 m; Criteria B1a, b and 2a, b.

should focus on finding species that are known only from bibliographic references, including Hookeriopsis luteo-rufescens and Thamniopsis undata. Study of Eurhynchium clinocarpum should continue because it was reported for the first time in this inventory and its population status is unknown.

Porotrichum mutabile (Neckeraceae): Collected on Loma Subida Albear, close to Pico Bayamesa; it grows on the bases of tree and shrub trunks in rainforest vegetation types between 1,300 and 1,500 m; Criteria B1a and 2a. THREATS Moss infrageneric taxa recorded in the Park depend on complex ecosystem relationships for survival. Habitat

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FERNS AND FERN RELATIVES

Endemism

(Pteridophyta)

There are 21 endemic and 4 possibly endemic species

Participants / Authors: Manuel G. Caluff and Gustavo Shelton

(under study). The endemic species represent 7.2% of the total number of the Park’s ferns, which is low

Conservation targets: Cloud forests, montane rainforests, gallery forests, and regenerating secondary evergreen forests; tree ferns and other threatened species; and endemic species

compared to Cuba’s overall endemism rate, estimated at 12% (Caluff et al. 1994). Of these endemics, 3 are known only from the Park (Diplazium sp., Pityrogramma sp., and Nephrolepis

METHODS To carry out this inventory, we worked out of two camps. One was located in Barrio Nuevo, at 1,300 m in montane rainforest. From there we were able to access the cloud forest at Pico Botella (1,567 m), evergreen forests at Naranjal (800 m), and gallery forests (along La Nigua River). The other camp was located at El Zapato (860 m), in a gallery forest along Arroyo El Manguito (approximately 12 km from the other camp). From that camp we worked in the basins of Arroyo El Manguito, Arroyo Nuevo Mundo, Arroyo Hondo, and the headwaters of Peladero River, as well as in natural and plantation pines and in coffee plantations abandoned 20 years ago.

multiflora f. nov.), an additional 7 are endemic to Sierra Maestra (Alsophila x boytelii, Asplenium erosum x A. serra, Arachniodes formosa, Arachniodes sp., Elaphoglossum sp. 1, Hymenophyllum turquinense, and Sticherus x leonis), 12 are endemic to eastern Cuba, and the rest have larger distributions within Cuba. Eight of these endemic species are also threatened. Threatened species We recorded 44 threatened species in total, 19 already categorized as such and 25 species that are candidates for listing (Sánchez and Caluff 1997). Of the threatened species, 10 are found in Cuba only in the study area (Asplenium alatum and A. rhomboidale, Blechnum

From these camps, we used existing trails and old mountain roads to reach different vegetation types present in the area. We identified species in the field. The most interesting and unknown species were collected for identification and will be incorporated

gracile and B. polypodioides, Diplazium sp., Lomagramma guianense, Nephrolepis multiflora f. nov., Pityrogramma sp., and Thelypteris cheilanthoides and T. linkiana). The majority of these species are known from less than three collections.

in the Pteridophyta Section at the Herbarium of The Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BSC),

Naturalized species

found in the Fern Garden (Jardín de los Helechos). We

In the Park, we located three naturalized, highly

took digital photographs of most species.

invasive species. Nephrolepis multiflora is found in all

We also include results of previous visits to

locations, situations, ecosystems, and sampled sites.

different sections of the Park and data gathered from the

Macrothelypteris torresiana and Thelypteris dentata are

collections at the national herbariums HAC and HAJB.

occasional, but where they are found they have dense

RESULTS

species that have escaped cultivation, originally

Pteridoflora analysis

introduced to America as ornamentals. We believe

We registered 346 species belonging to 74 genera and

that airborne spores from the southern United States

25 families in La Bayamesa National Park (Appendix 4

were blown to Cuba and then became established.

and Fig. 4B), which represent 53% of Cuba’s 650

The presence or absence of these species is an indication

(estimated) fern species (Caluff et al. 1994).

of ecosystem health, since they do not proliferate in

populations like N. multiflora. All of these are Asian

pristine ecosystems.

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Uses

Arachniodes denticulata and Paesia glandulosa.

Regional use of the pteridoflora is very poor. Ferns in

Well-represented groups at the summit of Pico Botella

general are called “Penquitas” and very few have specific

are, for example, Elaphoglossum (9 species),

common names. People call some invasive species

Grammitis s.l. (11), and Hymenophyllaceae (12).

“Cucaracha” (cockroach in English), especially the invasives species of Pteridium and Adiantum. The fern

Montane rainforest

tree Cyathea arborea is called “Camarón” (shrimp).

The pteridoflora of this forest type is composed

They use several species medicinally:

of a group of dominant, very frequent species, and

“Doradilla,” Polypodium polypodioides (to treat liver

others less frequent, including some threatened and

disease), “Polipol,” Phlebodium aureum (used as an

endemic species. Epiphytism is not noteworthy, and

anti-inflammatory and to treat hypertension), and

many epiphytes grow close to the ground. Well-

“Culantrillo de Pozo,” Adiantum tenerum (as a cold

represented groups include Cyatheaceae, such as

medicine and to dissolve kidney stones).

Alsophila balanocarpa and A. cubensis, Diplazium

Ten species are considered weeds because of their proliferation, especially in disturbed ecosystems. The most invasive species are Nephrolepis multiflora, Cyathea parvula, Blechnum lineatum, and the species of Gleicheniaceae. Regional use of ferns as ornamentals

(especially D. unilobum and D. striatum), and several species of Thelypteris (especially T. deltoidea). Gallery forest Most of the Park’s pteridoflora is found in gallery forests. Some elements of the cloud forest and montane

is practically nonexistent. We detected only one

rainforest seem to appear at lower altitudes in this

horticultural variety in cultivation, Nephrolepis

vegetation type. Several families abound, including

exaltata, called “Aliento de Angel.”

Selaginellaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Vittariaceae, Thelypteridaceae, and many Polypodiaceae s. str.

Abundance

Epiphytism is common and epiphytes are found growing

Of the Park’s recorded species, we could not relocate

several meters up in the trees. Many species inhabit the

49 species, and we saw or collected 87 species fewer than

banks and rocky outcroppings along the watercourses.

three times. As a result, these 136 species (39% of the

A gradual species substitution is seen as the gallery

total) are considered less frequent. Some species, such

forest transitions from montane rainforest to evergreen

as Botrychium jenmanii, Adiantum lunulatum, and

forest. Pteridological composition in this vegetation type

Lomagramma guianense, have not been collected in many

varies with illumination, in which heliophytes and some

years. Of the remaining species, we consider that 126 are

rheophytes* dominate in sunny areas, such as

sporadic, 56 are frequent, and only 27 are common.

Selaginella heterodonta, S. serpens, Thelypteris sancta, T. resinifera, and T. angustifolia.

Analysis by vegetation type Cloud forest

Evergreen forest

Cloud forest pteridoflora is characterized by low

In the study area, vegetation of this type is mostly

endemism and a large number of species found only

secondary because its fertile soils were converted to

here, especially small epiphytes. These reach even the

agriculture years ago. The pteridoflora is poor and for the

forest floor, which itself is covered by a thick layer of

most part is made up of common and naturalized species.

humus and bryophytes. Hymenophyllum axillare and Trichomanes robustum carpet the cloud forest floor.

* Rheophytes are plants that live at the interface of land and water, usually on rocks, and are frequently covered by water or are constantly splashed or sprayed by water.

Some terrestrial species of the cloud forest include

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Species of the following genera are abundant: Adiantum,

species are present. Many abandoned coffee plantations

Asplenium, Bolbitis, Campyloneurum, Dennstaedtia, and

show high regeneration rates as proven by the presence of

Thelypteris subgenera Goniopteris and Cyclosorus.

some montane rainforest species and evergreen forest species like Polybotrya osmundaceae, Didymochlaena

Pine forest

truncatula, Ophioglossum palmatum, and many tree ferns

Pine forests are not suitable habitat for most ferns,

already several meters in height.

and only a few species survive in this vegetation type. One local endemic species, Pityrogramma sp., is found

“Ruderal” vegetation of roadsides and open,

in the pines at María Tomasa. Another endemic species,

disturbed ground

Odontosoria wrightiana, and the threatened Cyathea

There are very few human settlements in the zone.

microdonta are known in eastern Cuba only from the

In areas abandoned by the original inhabitants and

Park’s pine forests. On this expedition, we recorded

now used as the Park’s administrative centers, ruderal

epiphytic ferns in pine forests for the first time in Cuba.

vegetation proliferates — mostly synantropic species

The species observed were Nephrolepis pectinata,

and many naturalized species. Common species include

Polypodium squamatum, and Pleopeltis macrocarpa.

Macrothelypteris torresiana, Nephrolepis multiflora, Thelypteris dentata, and T. kunthii.

Secondary vegetation

In 1997, in Barrio Nuevo, a herbarium sample

Most secondary vegetation is found along roads and in

was collected of a feathery and ornamental natural

areas opened up by anthropogenic intervention. Secondary

mutation of Nephrolepis multiflora. In fact, one of our

vegetation growing in the old coffee plantations that were

objectives during this inventory trip was to locate these

abandoned approximately 20 years ago is called “segetal

plants and take several individuals to the Fern Garden in

vegetation” and is discussed in the next section.

Santiago de Cuba, but we did not successfully locate them.

The most invasive heliophytes are found in secondary vegetation types. Above 800 m altitude,

The original specimen is in the Herbarium of Cuba’s National Botanical Garden (HAJB).

some emergents stand out, including Cyathea armata, C. parvula, Alsophila balanocarpa, and A. cubensis.

Notable finds

In their shade, species of Thelypteris, such as

Two possibly new species: Pityrogramma sp., in the

T. rudis, T. malangae, and T. resinifera, proliferate.

pines at La Francia and María Tomasa, and Pteris sp.,

Species of Gleicheniaceae colonize wide-open areas,

in the evergreen forest at El Naranjal.

especially Pteridiun aquilinum var. arachnoideum and

Lycopodiella cernua. Lycopodium clavatum colonizes the

harrissii, collected at Pino del Agua, and Danaea

surface of the ground and Huperzia reflexa colonizes

urbanii, collected around Barrio Nuevo and from

sunny banks. Some uncommon species occasionally seen in this vegetation type are Alsophila major, Blechnum polypodioides, Lycopodiella curvata, Marattia alata, and

Pico Bayamesa. n

A new record for eastern Cuba: Alsophila x medinae, collected along El Manguito River. Previously, it was

Thelypteris pteroidea. Below 800 m, dominant species

known to exist only in central Cuba.

include Blechnum occidentale, Cyathea arborea, Lycopodiella cernua, and Nephrolepis multiflora.

Two new records for Cuba: Ophioglossum

Six new records for the Park: Asplenium pteropus, Huperzia acerosa, H. serrata, Pityrogramma trifoliata,

“Segetal” vegetation of fields and croplands This vegetation type is composed mostly of very common species. Synantropic species abound and many naturalized

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Thelypteris hispidula, and T. pteroidea. n

Ten unknown species, in the process of being identified.

THREATS

INTRODUCTION

The rarest species and those with the smallest ranges

Several studies of flora and vegetation have been carried

are found in the most sensitive areas above 1,400 m,

out in specific locations in La Bayamesa National Park

especially in cloud forests. This vegetation type occupies

that contribute to our knowledge of the Park’s biological

a very small surface area, and its species are vulnerable

diversity. However, most of these studies have not been

to overcollection and excessive human presence. This is

published. Reyes et al. (1997) contains information

why the Park’s current management projects aimed at

on the Park’s flora and vegetation, and Martínez and

creating access facilities to these areas represent a threat.

Fagilde (2004) includes a floristic study of the rainforests of Alto de La Bayamesa and other locations. It is clear

RECOMMENDATIONS

that the Park is extremely important because it contains

Protection and management

various habitats with considerable species richness,

For the especially vulnerable cloud-forest ecosystem, we propose strictly limited and controlled access by small groups only, and strict controls on human activities, including excessive botanic and zoological collections. For pteridoflora conservation in the Park in

especially the montane rainforest. METHODS During the inventory’s eight days, we surveyed accessible habitats and we collected botanical material

general, we propose letting nature take its course and

for species in which we had interest or uncertainty, or

give the ecosystems time to regenerate.

were unable to identify. The rest of the species were identified and noted in the field. The first author also

Additional inventories

consulted collections in the Herbarium of the Centro

The pteridoflora has been carefully studied in very

Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BSC) and

few zones within the Park, and the understudied zones

compared them with collected material. To determine

should receive attention, especially La Sierra (La

species’ threat levels, we used IUCN’s categories and

Maestrica) de los Libertadores.

guidance (IUCN 2004). We also took photographs that will be available on our website (www.fmnh.org/rbi).

SEED PLANTS

RESULTS

(Spermatophyta)

Species richness and endemism

Participants / Authors: Eddy Martínez Quesada, William S. Alverson, Robin B. Foster, and Corine Vriesendorp, with collaborators María del C. Fagilde Espinosa, Ramona Oviedo Prieto, Orlando J. Reyes, and Félix Acosta Cantillo

We recorded 553 infrageneric taxa belonging to 315 genera and 103 families (Appendix 5 and Figs. 4C-D). Of those, 114 were only identified to genus. In addition, 25 species belonging to 16 families have yet to be

Conservation targets: One endemic species considered globally Endangered, Lyonia elliptica (Ericaceae); five species considered globally Vulnerable, Begonia cubensis (Begoniaceae), Tabebuia hypoleuca (Bignoniaceae), Juniperus barbadensis var. lucayana (Cupressaceae), Licaria cubensis (Lauraceae), and Sideroxylon jubila (Sapotaceae); a subspecies categorized as Undetermined, Brunellia comocladifolia subsp. domingensis (Brunelliaceae); and a species, Marathrum utile (Podostemaceae), whose range is restricted to a few populations along the Peladero River and its tributary, the Nuevo Mundo

identified, and 14 are unknown to us. We estimate that in total, there are 700 species of spermatophytes in the area. The families with the largest number of species are Asteraceae (38), Orchidaceae (37), Rubiaceae (32), Poaceae (29), and Fabaceae (28). Endemism We have identified with certainty 69 endemic species, and another 6 need to be confirmed (together representing

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12.5 to 13.6% of all the spermatophytes inventoried).

Two new records for the Park and for

We are certain that the area harbors additional endemic

Sierra Maestra are Purdiaea stenopetala (Cyrillaceae)

species, since many of those identified to the genus level

and Lunania subcoriacea (Flacourtiaceae).

are likely endemics.

A new record for Cuba is Vicia sativa subsp.

The only family with significant endemism is

nigra (Fabaceae-Faboideae), which was collected in its

Euphorbiaceae (9 of 21 species, 42.9%). The rest of the

natural state on Pico Bayamesa. Until now, the species

families with significant number of species have low

was known only from cultivation in Cuba.

endemism rates. Several families, such as Magnoliaceae

The aquatic plant, Marathrum utile

and Myricaceae, have proportionately high endemism

(Podostemaceae), is a new record for the El Zapato

(100% and 75%, respectively) but few species in the Park.

locality. This species has a range restricted in the Park to small populations along the Peladero River and its

Native and introduced species

tributary, the Nuevo Mundo. Urquiola and Novo

There are 393 native species (including the endemics

(2000) reported that this species was found in Alto de

and non-endemic natives) and 83 possibly native species.

Valenzuela (another place in Cuba). Our record is

Therefore, the actual number of native species in the

significant because it is only the second time in more

Park is probably over 90%.

than a century that it has been collected in Cuba

There are 37 introduced species (6.7% of the

(Ramona Oviedo, pers. comm.).

total), mostly fruit trees (including 6 species of Citrus) and ornamentals. When compared to other protected areas where similar inventories have been conducted, such as the Pico Mogote and Siboney-Juticí Ecological Reserves, we observe more introduced species in La Bayamesa. This is probably because human settlements within and around the Park facilitated their introduction and development. The introduced species have adapted well to these ecosystems, but they do not seem to significantly affect the ecosystem at present. However, we suggest giving immediate attention to Cupressus (Cupressaceae), since individuals can easily propagate and spread.

We did not identify significant threats to the spermatophyte flora of the Park. In general, the introduced species do not seem to impact the habitats where they occur and their populations do not seem to occupy large extensions within the study area. However, we recommend establishing monitoring of several species: n

Cupressus sp., which may spread within the Park

“Marabú” (Dichrostachys cinerea)

Rose apple (“pomarrosa,” Syzygium jambos) We also recommend a quantitative inventory

New records While we were in the process of identifying collected

of the seven species of global concern (categorized

material, we found six or seven new records for the

as Endangered, Vulnerable, or Undetermined; see

Park, Sierra Maestra, or Cuba.

Conservation Targets at the beginning of this section),

The three new species for the Park

and mapping their distributions, in order to determine

(and El Zapato) are Senna lisgustrina var. turquinae

whether or not these species need active management

(Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae), Pavonia schiedeana

to ensure their survival in the Park. Individuals of Vicia

(Malvaceae), and Citharexylum discolor (Verbenaceae).

sativa subsp. nigra in the area need to be monitored to

Also, if we confirm that the species identified as

determine if it is an adventitious, casual taxon or a

Callicarpa cf. floccosa (Verbenaceae) is properly

naturalized species.

classified, then it too is a new Park record.

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THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS Participant /Author: David Maceira F.

There are 8 species (61.5%) belonging to Subclass Pulmonata, 4 (30.8%) Prosobranchia, and 1 (7.7%) Gymnomorpha. Species richness in this vegetation type

Conservation targets: Five species endemic to the Sierra Maestra Subregion and six species endemic to the Eastern Region: Helicina subglobulosa leoni, Troschelvindex arangianum turquinensis, Cysticopsis lessavillei, Obeliscus (Stenogyra) clavus flavus, Veronicella sp. nov., Alcadia (Idesa) spectabilis, Emoda p. pulcherrima, Zachrysia (Chrysias) bayamensis, Coryda lindoni, Cysticopsis pemphigodes, and Obeliscus (Pseudobalea) latus

is high. Similar values were obtained in montane

INTRODUCTION

Endemic and introduced species

Throughout most of Cuba, most of the original

All of the species recorded in the montane rainforests

vegetation has been lost — except for the Eastern

at Pico Bayamesa and El Zapato are endemic to Cuba

Region, which harbors Cuba’s most significant

or restricted areas within Cuba. One species is a Cuban

rainforests because of its mountainous relief. These

endemic (7.7%), one is endemic to both the Central

forests are distributed principally in the Sierra Maestra

and Eastern Regions (7.7%), six are endemic to the

and the Sagua-Baracoa Subregions. Even though

Eastern Region (46.2%), and five are endemic to the

terrestrial malacological studies have been conducted

Sierra Maestra (38.5%).

in vegetation types of both subregions, including

rainforest sites in Pico Turquino (12) and in Gran Piedra (11), both located in Santiago de Cuba Province. In a lowland submontane rainforest at Piedra La Vela, Yateras, Guantánamo (in the Sagua-Baracoa Subregion) I recorded 13 species (Maceira, in press).

Cuban rainforests are characterized by high

rainforests (Maceira 1998, 2000, 2001), there are no

endemism of terrestrial malacofauna. Endemism for

publications dealing with this vegetation type. In this

Pico Turquino is 88.2%, and in Gran Piedra it is 100%.

section, terrestrial malacofauna of La Bayamesa

Endemism in Piedra La Vela’s lowland submontane

National Park’s montane rainforest is characterized.

rainforest is 83.3%, in the submontane rainforest on poorly drained soil of Pico El Toldo (Moa, Holguín)

METHODS

it is 87.5%, and in the Altiplanicie de Monte Iberia it

I studied the montane rainforest at Pico Bayamesa

is 100%. Endemism is 100% in La Melba’s lowland

(in June 2003) and El Zapato (in February 2004), both

rainforest over metamorphic rocks, in the lowland

located in Granma Province. For terrestrial snails,

submontane rainforest on ophiolites in Cupeyal del

I combined quantitative and qualitative methods. For

Norte and La China, and in Sierra del Cristal (Maceira,

tree-dwelling snails, I set up 10 plots (each 4 x 4 m),

in press). This 100% rate is close to the 96.1% cited for

totaling 160 m2. For ground snails, I searched six plots

Cuba by Espinosa and Ortea (1999) and the 95.6%

(0.5 x 0.5 m) totaling 1.5 m2. I employed open search

cited for Cuba’s Eastern Region (Maceira 2001).

methods, looking in all possible biotopes, and recorded location, date, habitats, and microhabitats for each individual found. Relative abundance is described using this classification: uncommon, common, and abundant. RESULTS

Microhabitats, habitats, ecology, and abundance The terrestrial snails were found in two microhabitats: six species were found on the ground (46.2%) and seven species in trees (53.8%). Of those inhabiting the ground, I found one terrestrial snail new to science, Veronicella sp. nov.,

Species richness

which is also the only representative of Subclass

I observed 13 terrestrial mollusk species belonging to

Gymnomorpha in the montane rainforest. It lives under

8 families and 11 genera (Appendix 6 and Figs. 5A-B).

rocks and leaf litter. Obeliscus latus and O. clavus flavus

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129

(the most abundant ground-dwelling mollusks) live

paucispira, is significant. Two species in the Obeliscus

in leaf litter and roots and under rocks, where their

genus are also notable because O. latus opens to the left

translucent colors provide camouflage, making them

and O. clavus flavus opens to the right.

hard to distinguish from the substrate. I also found Oleacina solidula and Haplotrema paucispira, two

THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

carnivorous species that feed on other mollusks. Their

Threats

presence indicates that the ground mollusk community is well developed. The last species found on the ground was Cysticopsis pemphigodes, which lives under rocks and in leaf litter; its shell is a brown color similar to its

Deforestation and subsequent reforestation efforts, which introduce non-endemic mollusks to this entirely endemic mollusk community, are the biggest threats to La Bayamesa National Park’s terrestrial malacofauna.

habitat, providing excellent camouflage. Among the tree-dwelling mollusks, I recorded the small and brightly colored Helicina subglobulosa leoni and Troschelvindex arangiana turquinensis. The second species is often found hanging from a fine thread of mucus from the reverse side of leaves, and at the slightest contact it falls. Emoda p. pulcherrima is medium-sized and is found on shrubs and trees. Zachrysia bayamensis is a larger-sized, chestnut-brown-colored snail. Cysticopsis lessavillei (the most abundant tree-dweller), Coryda

Recommendations Protection and management Initiate environmental education activities in the communities to raise awareness about the completely endemic malacofauna inhabiting the Park. Additional inventories Additional inventories are needed in the area in order to understand the mollusk community’s composition more completely.

lindoni (the second most abundant tree-dweller), and Alcadia spectabilis are the most colorful. The shell of

Monitoring

the first is entirely green and blends in with surrounding

Population densities of two species, Cysticopsis

vegetation. The second one’s shell has yellow, red, and

lessavillei and Coryda lindoni, should be monitored.

black stripes. It is often confused with the famous

These tree-dwelling snails have specific humidity and

Polymita snails. And, unlike other species in Subclass

vegetation density requirements and can serve as

Prosobranchia whose shells are not usually colorful, the

indicators of changes in the ecosystem.

shells of the small A. spectabilis are yellow, red, orange, green, and blue. SPIDERS

Other notable records The existence of a new species of Veronicella is especially important. In addition, records from the Park increase the distributional ranges for all species inventoried. Also, the shell coloring adaptations seen in the species of Cysticopsis are notable. As such, C. lessavillei with its green shell is adapted to live in the trees and C. pemphigodes with its brown shell is adapted to live among the leaf litter. The presence of predator species, Oleacina solidula and Haplotrema

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Participants / Authors: Alexander Sánchez-Ruiz and Giraldo Alayón García Conservation targets: Populations of 17 endemic species present in La Bayamesa National Park, especially Argyrodes cubensis, which is known from only a few localities in the Eastern Region of Cuba, and Leucauge spiculosa, Modisimus pavidus, and Hibana turquinensis, known from only a few locations within the Sierra Maestra

Table 2. Spider taxa represented in La Bayamesa National Park.

Taxa category

Number in Cuba (Alayón 2000)

% of Cuban taxa in Park

Number in Sierra Maestra (Sánchez-Ruiz 2000)

% of Sierra Maestra taxa in Park

Species

568

11.4

230

28.3

Genera

243

22.2

130

41.5

45.3

63.2

Families

INTRODUCTION Spiders are the second richest arachnid group in Cuba, after the Order Acari. In the Cuban archipelago, 568 species belonging to 53 families have been recorded (Alayón 2000). Of these, almost half (45.1%) are endemic to the country.

1936; Platnick 2004), material deposited in the arachnological collection of the Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad, and specimens collected during a 4-day visit to Pico La Bayamesa in June 2003, when the first author worked in the cloud forest and montane rainforest.

Unlike other protected areas in Sierra Maestra (such as Turquino National Park, Siboney-Juticí

RESULTS

Ecological Reserve, and Gran Piedra National Protected

Species richness and endemism

Landscape), no previous arachnid studies have been

During the rapid inventory, we examined 198 specimens.

conducted in La Bayamesa National Park, but some

We were able to identify 171 (86.4%) to the species level.

isolated collections have been made. P. J. Darlington

There are 65 spider species of 24 families and 54 genera

made the largest collections near the Park in 1936 when

in the Park (Appendix 7). Despite several factors such as

he visited several places in Cuba’s Eastern Region. From

its relatively small surface area compared to the Sierra

these collections, E. B. Bryant (1940) described 25 new

Maestra or Cuba in general, a lack of data available

species for Sierra del Turquino, most from Pico

from the literature, and the short period of time for

Turquino and from the coast at the foot of this

sampling, the percentage of spider species, genera, and

mountain and to the south.

family richness is significant (Table 2). Best-represented

This report is the first effort to describe the spider fauna of the area that is today protected in La Bayamesa National Park.

families include Araneidae, Theridiidae, Salticidae, and Tetragnathidae (Table 3). Of Cuba’s 247 endemic species (Alayón 2000), we found 17 in the Park (13 are distributed throughout

METHODS

Cuba, 1 has distribution restricted to Cuba’s Eastern

During the rapid inventory, we conducted diurnal

Region, and 3 are restricted to the Sierra Maestra), which

and nocturnal collections in principal habitats only

represents 6.9% of the endemic species recorded in Cuba

(semideciduous forest, evergreen forest, pine forest, and

and 18.7% of the 91 endemic species recorded in Sierra

secondary vegetation) because of time constraints. We

Maestra. Of the endemic species present in the Park,

observed and/or collected all spiders found, especially

Argyrodes cubensis is known only from populations in

from vegetation, under rocks, on the ground, on leaf

two localities in the Eastern Region: Pico La Bayamesa,

litter, on fallen trunks, under bark, and on buildings.

Guisa, Granma (the type locality), and La Melba, Moa,

To develop the species list, we considered

Holguín. Three other species (Leucauge spiculosa,

previous records in the region (Alayón 2000; Bryant

Modisimus pavidus, and Hibana turquinensis) are known

1936, 1940; Exline and Levi 1962; Franganillo 1930,

only from very few localities in the Sierra Maestra.

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Table 3. The most species-rich spider families in La Bayamesa National Park

RECOMMENDATIONS Research

% endemism (relative to the number of endemics in the Park)

Number of species

Family

Carry out population studies of the three rangerestricted species in the Park to determine their actual

11.8

distributions within the Park and their habitat

Theridiidae

11.8

requirements.

Salticidae

17.6

Tetragnathidae

5.9

Araneidae

Additional inventories Continue biological inventories during different times of

Notable finds

the year in more habitats within La Bayamesa National

In this inventory, we found 21 new records for the Park

Park and in other national parks within the Sierra

and 3 new families: (1) Hahniidae, for which we collected

Maestra. An inventory covering the other national parks

four adult females; (2) Deinopidae, represented by four

(for example, Turquino or Desembarco del Granma)

Deinopis lamia individuals (collected in the pine forest

would help increase understanding of spider distributions

close to the camp) and two Deinopis sp. individuals

and level of protection throughout this mountain range.

(collected in the camp); and (3) Anyphaenidae,

Particularly, an inventory in Parque Nacional Turquino

represented by one Hibana turquinensis specimen, which

would help locate 20 species that are known only from

was known only from the holotype and paratype from

type localities within this protected area.

Pico Turquino, Guamá, Santiago de Cuba. Our specimen is the third collected for this species. Our record of Ctenus brevitarsus (Ctenidae) also stands out, since this species is known in only a few

OTHER ARACHNIDS (Orders Scorpiones, Amblypygi, and Schizomida)

localities in the Central and Eastern Regions of Cuba (Alayón 2000). We found it during the rapid inventory in leaf litter in montane rainforest near Nuevo Mundo, Guisa, Granma. Another interesting find is Agobardus prominens (Salticidae), which was known only in the province of Cienfuegos in Cuba’s Central Region. We

Participant / Author: Rolando Teruel Conservation targets: The population of Cubazomus sp. nov., found in broadleaf rainforest and pine forest at El Zapato, between 1,000 and 1,100 m altitude

INTRODUCTION

located it on Pico La Bayamesa, Guisa, Granma, which

Among the arthropods, the arachnids are an ecologically

increases its known distribution to Eastern Cuba.

important group because of the sheer number of species and their typically predatory lifestyle. Consequently, they are one of the elements most susceptible to the

THREATS Populations with small ranges are the most fragile since they will be the first to disappear if habitat loss intensifies. Because of this, the three species endemic to Sierra Maestra and known from the Park deserve special attention: Modisimus pavidus (Pholcidae), Leucauge spiculosa (Tetragnathidae), and Hibana turquinensis (Anyphaenidae). These species are considered rare since they have been collected only a few times in over 50 years.

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effects of anthropogenic actions. This risk is further increased by two other, equally important factors: the relatively small geographic distributions of most species, and the fact that high rates of endemism and species richness are concentrated in arid and coastal vegetation zones, which are ecologically fragile ecosystems. As a result, studies of this group’s biological diversity are significant. No previous studies of these orders exist for La Bayamesa National Park.

Table 4. Arachnids (except spiders) in the Sierra Maestra and in La Bayamesa National Park. Sierra Maestra

Order

Families

La Bayamesa National Park

Genera

Species

Cuban endemic species

Families

Amblypygi

Schizomida

TOTALS

observation and by turning over rocks and fallen trunks, peeling bark off dead trunks and branches, as well as looking inside epiphytic bromeliads. I captured small specimens (less than 5 mm long) using a brush soaked in 80% ethanol, and larger specimens using entomological tweezers appropriate to the specimen’s size and exoskeletal hardness. I preserved all species in 80% ethanol and deposited them, properly labeled, in BIOECO’s collections. RESULTS

I inventoried arachnids through direct visual

Species

Scorpiones

METHODS

Genera

Cuban endemic species

(Teruel 2000b, 2001). Species representations (by order) in the Park compared to those present in the Sierra Maestra are as follows: amblypygids (29%), scorpions (14%), and schizomids (8%). The Park covers less than 1% of Cuba’s national territory, yet representation of the arachnid fauna is notable. All of the Park’s species are endemic to Cuba. New and significant records The most interesting find is a new Cubazomus species. This is the second species of this genus of schizomid endemic to the Sierra Maestra. It also represents the highest altitude record for the genus: 1,100 m. The other Cubazomus species lives below 300 m.

Species richness and endemism I captured six species, belonging to three orders,

THREATS

four families, and six genera (Appendix 8). These values may seem to indicate a paucity of diversity, but Cuban mountains are characterized precisely by drastic reduction in these groups with increasing altitude (Armas 1984, 1988; Teruel 1997, 2000a, 2000b, 2001). Therefore, the number of species recorded concurs with the expected number of species, even though it is low. In the upper part of the Peladero River (at altitudes greater than 500 m), I did not catch any individuals from these orders even though altitude and vegetation conditions

During this inventory, I did not identify specific threats to these arachnids in the sampled areas of the Park. However, in general, small population sizes of most species make them vulnerable to changes in their habitats. In particular, a potential threat is indiscriminate forest clearing that destroys vegetative cover and its corresponding leaf litter (which drastically alters essential microclimatic parameters needed for the survival of these species, such as humidity and the level of soil insolation).

are appropriate in the area. (This may be because I was unable to use ultraviolet light for nocturnal detection.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The method cannot be used during a full moon, which

Protection and management

we had during the inventory.) It is possible, therefore,

Prevent local deforestation and protect remaining

that these organisms do occur in that area.

rainforests and pine forests that harbor these species,

Table 4 presents a comparison of the Park’s

including the species proposed as a conservation target.

arachnid fauna (this study) with that of Sierra Maestra

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FRESHWATER INSECTS

entomological net against the current in both pools

Participants / Authors: Pedro López del Castillo, Carlos Naranjo López, José L. Fernández Triana, José Pérez Osoria, Dany González Lazo, and Adrián Trapero Quintana Conservation targets: Aquatic insect communities, especially the 26 endemic species found, three species in particular: Hagenulus (Borinquena) sextus (Ephemeroptera, Leptophlebiidae), Campsiophora mulata (Trichoptera, Glossosomatidae), and Paltostoma palominoi (Diptera, Blephariceridae), which are endemic to the Park

and areas with rapid current. Two people participated: one person removed riverbed substrates while the other dragged the net along the bottom. n

Netting along the edge — We used the same entomological net, but it was dragged for 5 m along the edge in an attempt to sample insects on roots, trunks, rocks, and debris.

INTRODUCTION

Netting against current — We dragged an

Capture of flying adult insects — We used an aerial entomological net.

Benthic macroinvertebrates are sensitive to many

We deposited all reference material in the

environmental biotic and abiotic factors, which makes

Biology Department at the Universidad de Oriente.

them excellent indicators of water quality. Insect larvae

We supplemented our results with data collected during

are dominant organisms in rivers, streams, and lakes and

a weeklong trip to La Bayamesa in June 2003 (rainy

are extremely useful in monitoring and inventory studies

season). We identified all individuals to the species or

(Armitage et al. 1983; Rosenberg and Resh 1993).

genus level.

There are many permanent and seasonal bodies of water (rivers and streams) in La Bayamesa National

RESULTS

Park. Here we provide data on the Park’s aquatic insects, including information for seven orders (Coleoptera,

Species diversity and endemism

Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera,

We collected 2,033 individuals belonging to 65 species,

Odonata, and Trichoptera).

35 families, and 7 orders in the Class Insecta (Appendix 9). We found the highest species richness at the Nuevo Mundo River and El Zapato, with values of 31 and

METHODS During the week long rapid inventory in February 2004 (dry season), we collected from 16 sites, spanning altitudes from 750 m to 1,750 m in the Park’s rivers and streams: (1) lower Nuevo Mundo River, (2) Campamento La Mesa, (3) Grumay, (4) La Pangola, (5) right branch of La Plata River, (6) Arroyo de Pancho, (7) headwaters of Arroyo Veinte y Seis, (8) El Camino, (9) El Oro de Guisa, (10) La Plata de Guisa, (11) El Zapato, (12) Manguito River, (13) Nuevo Mundo River, (14) Arroyo Veinte y Seis, (15) lower Peladero River, and (16) Arroyo Hondo. We collected all material using soft entomological brushes and pinchers and preserved samples in 90% alcohol. We employed four basic methodologies: n

134

30 respectively. In general, the average number of species per locality was greater during the dry season (23.7) than the rainy season (11.3). This is because during the rainy season, current speeds and water volume are higher, creating a scouring effect on the riverbeds. The number of aquatic species present in the Park is high compared to other sites in Cuba. López (2001) found 61 species for the basin of the Yara River, located in the northwestern portion of the Sierra Maestra. Sampling effort there was much greater since each of the 13 sites were sampled in the dry and rainy season. Naranjo and Trapero (2000) recorded 59 species in La Gran Piedra (Santiago de Cuba Province), in an area much more intensely sampled than La Bayamesa.

Flipping rocks — We inspected 25 rocks in each

Outside of the Sierra Maestra, data from Universidad de

station, extracting adhered larvae.

Oriente inventories in the Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa

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Mountains also demonstrate lower numbers than those

Glossosomatidae) in the rapids. Until now, this species

reported for La Bayamesa.

was known to exist only in western Cuba (Botosaneanu

In Cuba, 512 infrageneric taxa are known

1979, 1980), and this Park record makes it the first

of aquatic insects, 209 of which are known from the

record for eastern Cuba. Other interesting results

Sierra Maestra. The 65 species found in La Bayamesa

include finding, for the second time, two extremely

National Park represent 12.7% and 31.1% of these

rare and local Ephemeroptera species: Hagenulus

values, respectively. In other words, one out of eight

(Careospina) evanescens and H. (Borinquena) sextus;

species in Cuba and almost one out of three species in

and we collected the largest ephemeropteran in Cuba,

Sierra Maestra are found in the Park. We recorded

Euthyplocia inaccessibile, which is only the third time

26 species endemic to Cuba (40% of all the species

this species has been collected.

found in the Park), three of which are local endemics to the study area: Hagenulus sextus (Ephemeroptera,

Habitats

Leptophlebiidae), Campsiophora mulata (Trichoptera,

Of all the individuals collected, we found 1,273

Glossosomatidae), and Paltostoma palominoi (Diptera,

(62.6%) in rapids and only 760 (37.4%) in pools,

Blephariceridae). The orders Ephemeroptera, Odonata,

which is characteristic of mountain streams where

and Trichoptera were especially rich in endemic species.

rapids dominate and most taxa present are adapted to

The amount of time we put forth for collections

these conditions. Nineteen species (29.2%) inhabited

in the Park cannot be considered exhaustive, and the

only rapids, while five (7.7%) were found only in pools.

number of rivers studied and area covered do not

The remaining 41 species (63.1%) were collected in

constitute an exhaustive spatial effort. Similar research

both microhabitats, but 10 of them were found most

(e.g., Naranjo and Trapero 2000; López 2001) suggests

frequently in rapids, suggesting that they are typical in

that the number of species will increase if each sampling

rapids and only occasional in pools.

site is measured during the dry and rainy seasons. Taking research results from other Cuban sites into

THREATS

account, we estimate that La Bayamesa harbors at least

Because of difficult access and altitude, La Bayamesa

50% of the species present in the Sierra Maestra and

National Park is naturally protected. Sources of

approximately 20% of all the species present in Cuba.

contamination or substances draining into the rivers

Habitat diversity and their pristine state of conservation,

that normally threaten lotic ecosystems are not present

altitudinal differences, and the large number of rivers and

in the Park. As long as current levels of resource use in

streams in the Park explain the high numbers of aquatic

the Park remain low, freshwater macroinvertebrates

insects. It is probable that the Park is a “hot spot” for

are not at risk.

aquatic insect biodiversity in Cuba. New and significant records

RECOMMENDATIONS

We identified larvae of Dixella (Diptera, Dixidae) in

Research

pools of three different sites, which are the first records

We recommend additional sampling of aquatic insects

of this family in the country (López et al. 2004). Other

in different rivers and streams during the rainy and dry

new records for Cuba are the following genera:

season in order to increase the total number of known

Cleptelmis (Coleoptera, Elmidae) and Petrophila

species, and possibly find new records for the Park or

(Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) (López et al. 2004).

even new to science.

In the headwaters of Arroyo Veinte y Seis, we captured two Cubanoptila cubana larvae (Trichoptera,

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Monitoring

HYMENOPTERANS

Aquatic insect communities have been used as water quality indicators in various countries (Armitage et al. 1983; Rosenberg and Resh 1993). The data collected during this inventory and presented in this report can serve as baseline data for water monitoring in the Park. Changes in water quality because of contamination or deteriorating ecosystems can be detected using these baseline data.

Participants / Authors: José L. Fernández Triana, Jorge L. Fontenla Rizo, Eduardo Portuondo Ferrer, and Julio A. Genaro Artola Conservation targets: Communities of hymenopterans, especially parasitic wasps (for example, Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae, Pimplinae, and Ichneumoninae; Braconidae: Microgastrinae) that are the most diverse and abundant in the country; endemic ant species (Camponotus gilviventris, endemic to Cuba’s mountainous zones, and Leptothorax bruneri, a regional endemic); and genera (Clistopyga, Eruga, Exenterus, Macrostomion, Protichneumon, Symplecis, Zatypota) that have only been found in this region of Cuba

BUTTERFLIES INTRODUCTION Participant / Author: Jorge L. Fontenla Rizo

Despite the World Conservation Union’s 1991 Conservation targets: Four endemic species, Calisto sibylla, Anetia cubana, Greta cubana, and Parides gundlachianus

resolution regarding invertebrate protection, insects are usually underestimated and many times ignored in conservation efforts. Several factors have led to this

METHODS

unfortunate situation: (1) the extraordinary diversity

I made observations between February 1 and 9, 2004,

that makes species identification difficult, (2) the

in different sites between 1,200 and 1,500 m altitude in

number of techniques needed for their collection, and

La Bayamesa National Park. There is very little rain

(3) the erroneous but widespread perception that their

during February and temperatures are relatively low.

small size makes them insignificant. In reality, these insects perform extraordinary services and occupy

RESULTS

central roles in most terrestrial ecosystems. For

I observed 23 species (Appendix 10). Most likely,

example, they are important decomposers of organic

species richness is closer to 35 species. The area stands

matter and recyclers of nutrients. They also pollinate

out because of its endemic species, including a very

plants, disperse seeds, comprise a large percentage of the

colorful endemic restricted to the mountains of the

biomass in many ecosystems, and regulate many food

Eastern Region of Cuba, Anetia cubana. Other species

chains (via complex plant-herbivore-predator / parasite-

worth noting because they are both endemic and

hyperparasite relationships).

charismatic are “mariposa de cristal” (Greta cubana)

Unlike other taxonomic groups for which

and “mariposa de Gundlach” (Parides gundlachianus).

some preliminary information exists, La Bayamesa

Another colorful species with a regional distribution is

National Park’s insects are almost completely unknown.

Anetia briarea. IUCN categorizes this species and A.

There are not even many specimens available at the

cubana as Near Threatened (IUCN 2004).

national level, and entomological collections from the Park are practically nonexistent. In this report, we

THREATS, OPPORTUNITIES,

provide data on the Order Hymenoptera (bees, wasps,

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

and ants) in the Park.

Deforestation is the main threat. Rare species and habitat specialists, such as Calisto sibylla, Anetia cubana, and Greta cubana, should be monitored and protected.

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METHODS We studied six vegetation types: cloud forests, evergreen forests, rainforests, pine forests, coffee plantations, and secondary vegetation. We used three methods: n

Direct collection — This was the most varied collection method and it incorporates several techniques. Using an entomological net, we collected insects we saw flying or feeding on flowers, or we swept herbaceous and shrub vegetation with the net. We also overturned rocks and lifted tree bark (live and decomposing), capturing insects with entomological pinchers and brushes.

genera found during this inventory will turn out to be species new to science, especially in the case of the family Ichneumonidae. Almost 1,200 species of the Order Hymenoptera have been reported in Cuba (Portuondo and Fernández 2003), and 644 in the Sierra Maestra (Portuondo and Fernández 2004). Diversity in the Park is significant, especially considering that it covers only 0.2% of national territory and 5% of the Sierra Maestra, yet harbors approximately one-sixth and onethird, respectively, of the hymenopteran species.

Yellow plates — We used six to eight plates for each sample site, placing them along a transect in the studied ecosystem with at least 3 m between each plate. We placed these traps between 8:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., although for logistical reasons the schedule varied slightly at times.

likely that many of the new records for the country of

Malaise traps — We used the model modified by

Endemism rates are close to 40% for the families for which current data are available (Fontenla 1994, 2000; Genaro and Tejuca 2000; Genaro 2002; Portuondo and Fernández 2003; Fernández 2005). We predict that endemism could be significant for some hymenopteran groups in the Park because of its altitude, excellent state of conservation, and relative isolation.

Townes (1972), and we captured during 24-hour periods or more, since diurnal and nocturnal

Notable finds

collections are possible with this method.

We found six Ichneumonidae genera (Clistopyga,

We deposited collected reference material in the Zoological Department of BIOECO (Santiago de Cuba) and in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (La Habana). We complemented our field results with data from a weeklong expedition conducted in June 2003 (rainy season) in La Bayamesa National Park, and with data collected from studying BIOECO’s entomological collection. Most individuals were identified to the species or genus level. RESULTS

Eruga, Exenterus, Protichneumon, Symplecis, Zatypota) and one Braconidae (Macrostomion) that are new records for Cuba (Appendix 11, Fig. 5D, and Portuondo and Fernández 2004). We did not find any individuals of Exenterus (Ichneumonidae) during the expeditions, but the first author of this report studied one specimen collected in 1999 and deposited in BIOECO. This specimen emerged from the larva of a hymenopteran pest, Neodiprion maestrensi (Diprionidae), in a pine forest outside of but bordering the Park (to the north), which makes its presence in La Bayamesa very probable because the

Species diversity and endemism

pines extend into the Park. This is the first report in the

We collected more than 200 species of Hymenoptera,

country of an Ichneumonidae parasitizing a

of which we have identified approximately 100 to the

Diprionidae, and even more important, it is the first

species or genus level (Appendix 11 and Fig. 5D). If an

time the genus has been found in the Neotropics. It is

inventory plan is implemented in an area with ecosystem

also probably a new species to science that would

and landscape diversity as well as altitudinal differences

extend the known distribution range of the genus,

of more than 1,000 m, we estimate that the actual

which previously was Holarctic and Oriental (Yu and

number of hymenopteran species will exceed 400. It is

Horstman 1997). Geographically, the closest species are

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Nearctic, found in Northern Mexico and in the United

country (Portuondo 1998, 2000, 2001; Fernández et al.

States. Interestingly, species of Cuban Diprionidae (the

2002; Genaro 2002; Portuondo and Fernández 2004;

host insects) are closer phylogenetically to the Nearctic

Fernández and Portuondo, in press). Notable exceptions

species rather than the Neotropical ones (Portuondo

were ants (Formicidae). We found 25 ant species, more

and Fernández 2003), suggesting that a co-speciation

than recorded during the Pico Mogote rapid inventory

phenomenon could exist between these wasps and their

(Maceira et al., in press), although they were less

Nearctic ancestors.

abundant in comparison with what is usually seen in

We found an elevated number of

lower altitudes. Species of Polistes and Mischocyttarus,

Ichneumonidae individuals and species. Thus far, we

particularly the latter, were numerous in all sampled

have identified 34 species (Appendix 11), but the final

ecosystems, especially in those disturbed by man (pine

figure is probably closer to 100. This is extraordinary

forests, coffee plantations, and secondary vegetation).

given that only 200 species of this family are known in

In general, the low diversity of Aculeatae in

Cuba (Portuondo and Fernández 2003; Fernández,

the Park is due to high precipitation and the prevailing

unpublished data), and the total number of Cuban species

relative humidity in its predominant vegetation types

is estimated to be between 400 and 600 (Fernández et al.,

(especially rainforests), which seems to hinder many

in press). The Park, with 0.2% of the national territory,

bees’ and sphecid wasps’ nest building (they require

harbors approximately 40% of the known Ichneumonidae

drier conditions).

species and between 15 and 25% of the predicted number of species. Several genera are known to exist only

Yet, for various groups of parasitic wasps that generally avoid sunny, hot, and dry places, these

in the Park, leading us to believe that local endemism is

ecosystems are probably preferred by a greater number

high. This phenomenon requires additional study, but

of species. In Cuba, families cited as the most abundant

current data clearly demonstrate the region’s importance.

in forest types include Ichneumonidae, Scelionidae, Diapridae, some genera of Braconidae, and some groups

Habitats

of Chalcidoidea (Portuondo and Fernández 2003,

The vegetation types harboring the most species

2004); the rainforests are the most significant of the

diversity of the Order Hymenoptera were rainforests,

forest types (Fernández and Portuondo, in press).

cloud forests, and secondary vegetation. Coffee

The best-represented subfamily of parasitic wasps is

plantations that conserve part of the natural rainforest

Microgastrinae (Braconidae), with many species in

vegetation are also an interesting vegetation type because

various genera.

we found elevated hymenopteran diversity and abundance. However, data from both expeditions are not all-inclusive, especially for insect groups whose populations fluctuate greatly from year to year (for example, Buskirk and Buskirk 1976; Wolda 1978; Smythe 1985; Janzen 1993; Kato et al. 1995; Shapiro and Pickering 2000). Perfecto and Snelling (1994) observed this same phenomenon in Costa Rican coffee plantations, at least for one hymenopteran group: the ants. There were fewer Aculeatae (stinging bees, ants, and wasps) found in the Park than are normally found in low-altitude and/or sunny areas, according to previous data and inventories from other parts of the

138

RA PI D B IOLOG I CA L I NVE N TOR I E S

I N FORM E / REPORT NO. 13

THREATS Although data are still inconclusive, it appears that the area covering La Bayamesa and Turquino National Parks harbors the highest levels of species richness for some wasp groups, especially the ichneumonids, in Cuba. This could be because of the area’s altitudinal range (from 0 to 1,972 m) and the fact that this is the only place in the country where the altitude surpasses 1,500 m and cloud forests, which harbor significant parasitic wasp diversity, are found. The rainforests seem to be one of the last strongholds for the hymenopterans that are more

abundant in cool and humid ecosystems (Fernández and Portuondo, in press). Habitat destruction is the principal threat to these wasp communities. Another

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES Participants / Authors: Luis M. Díaz, Ansel Fong G., Nicasio Viña Dávila, and Guillermo Knell

potential threat is fragmentation, because many ecosystems persist as “skullcaps” (casquetes) — little islands of remnant native vegetation, perched atop the highest and most inaccessible mountains. RECOMMENDATIONS Protection and management Results from this inventory suggest that La Bayamesa National Park is a “hot spot” for parasitic wasps. Without a doubt, it is the most important site in the

Conservation targets: Ten species whose ranges are restricted to the Sierra Maestra forests (Eleutherodactylus albipes, E. cubanus, E. glamyrus, E. jaumei, E. melacara, E. turquinensis, E. sp. nov., Anolis clivicola, A. altitudinalis, and Diploglossus garridoi ), and 12 threatened species (Eleutherodactylus albipes, E. cubanus, E. glamyrus, E. gundlachi, E. intermedius, E. ionthus, E. jaumei, E. melacara, E. ricordii, E. turquinensis, Chamaeleolis chamaeleonides, and Epicrates angulifer), which are also endemic to Cuba

INTRODUCTION

country for species of Ichneumonidae. Protecting

La Bayamesa National Park is found in one of the

remnant cloud forests is the most important step

most biological diverse and highly endemic areas in the

for preserving these hymenopterans.

Sierra Maestra and Cuba. Herpetological studies clearly

These wasps should also be included in

demonstrate this. The first species for the zone were

the Park’s management plans as one of the distinctive

described at the beginning of the twentieth century

and characteristic fauna groups. We recognize that

(Barbour and Shreve 1937) and new species were still

this suggestion will be difficult to achieve because

being found during the 1990s (Estrada and Hedges

invertebrate conservation is not customary.

1997). Despite this, an overall analysis uniting all available herpetological data on the Park did not exist,

Research

and aspects such as geographic distribution and species

Research why the ichneumons are so abundant and

ecology have not yet been published.

diverse in the Park (possible explanations include altitude,

With this report, we try to close this

climate, or biogeographic reasons). Metapopulation

information gap by presenting the Park’s amphibian

dynamics of insects and their influence on conservation

and reptile list, providing some comments on the

have never been studied in Cuba, but it is extremely

habitats and microhabitats used, and giving our

important in a group like the hymenopterans, with

considerations regarding their conservation.

parthenogenetic reproduction mechanisms (Hanson and Gauld 1995) and occurrence — especially parasitic

METHODS

species — in low population densities (LaSalle and

We sampled 19 sites in the provinces of Granma and

Gauld 1994).

Santiago de Cuba during this inventory and two other

Additional inventories

expeditions in November 2002 and June 2003 (Table 5). We collected amphibians and reptiles during diurnal

We recommend an annual collection plan, using Malaise

and nocturnal searches of bromeliads, leaf litter, rocks,

traps, in different areas in the Park. This will reveal the

different vegetation strata, and on dry Agave plants.

true magnitude of the Park’s hymenopteran biodiversity

We collected larvae using nets, and we taped audio

and will most likely lead to finding species new to Cuba

vocalizations using different professional equipment.

and to science.

Each species’ threat category was determined using previous publications on amphibians (IUCN et al.

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Table 5. Locations of amphibian and reptile collection sites during and before the rapid inventory. Location

Coordinates

Altitude (m)

Guamá Municipality, Santiago de Cuba Province Close to El Naranjal (Park’s southern limit)

19º58'10"N, 76º42'16"W

750

La Mesa

20º05'68"N, 76º61'62"W

–

Barrio Nuevo and surroundings

20º01'36"N, 76º41'47"W

1,300

Alto de Rondón, road to Barrio Nuevo

–

Pico Botella

20º02'09"N, 76º41'28"W

1,557

El Manguito

20º03'19"N, 76º41'09"W

1,200

Nuevo Mundo

20º03'27"N, 76º37'59"W

Alto del Zapato

20º02'29"N, 76º39'31"W

1,200

20º04'44"N, 76º37'08"W

900

Buey Arriba Municipality, Granma Province

–

980 –1,000

Guisa Municipality, Granma Province Oro River tributary El Nueve (also known as Grimau)

20º03'16"N, 76º36'05"W

1,300 –1,400

Road to Pinalón

20º03'55"N, 76º35'52"W

1,200

Pico La Bayamesa and surroundings

20º03'18"N, 76º36'13"W

1,000 –1,752

Pico Maceo

20º02'42"N, 76º37'38"W

1,440

Pico Corea

20º04'03"N, 76º32'54"W

1,373

Between Brazo del Palmar and Pinar del Millón

20º03'53"N, 76º33'07"W

1,459

Pedro Guyo, climbing towards Pinar del Millón

20º04'15"N, 76º32'20"W

1,050

La Lechuza

20º04'24"N, 76º31'16"W

850

María Tomasa and surrounding areas

20º03'43"N, 76º31'15"W

Pinar del Millón and surroundings

20º04'08"N, 76º32’34"W, 20º04'14"N, 76º32'39"W, and 20º04'15"N, 76º32’20"W

2004) and Cuba’s reptiles (Vales et al. 1998), as well

683 1,109 –1,307

Bufo peltacephalus — We saw individual toads along

as referring to IUCN’s Red List of Globally Threatened

the coastal zone of Las Piñas and at the mouth of the

Species (IUCN 2004).

Peladero River, making it very likely that the species reaches the Park’s southern border.

RESULTS

around Las Piñas, and the rural farmers of El

We found 16 amphibian and 20 reptile species in

Naranjal confirm that it exists there, allowing us to

La Bayamesa National Park (Appendix 12 and Fig. 6).

assume that it is within Park borders as well.

During our surveys, we observed all but one within the

Anolis guazuma — This hard-to-find anole is probably

Park, the Cuban boa (Epicrates angulifer). We found

within the Park, and future inventories should

this snake outside of the Park’s limits (around the town

dedicate special efforts to search for it.

of Las Piñas), but rural farmers from La Mesa (within the Park) assure us that they have seen the species there. One amphibian and two reptiles are not included on our list, but their presence in the Park is very probable, and brings the total species list to 39 (17 amphibians and 22 reptiles). These include:

140

Anolis noblei — We observed several individuals

Species richness and endemism

RA PI D B IOLOG I CA L I NVE N TOR I E S

I N FORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Individuals of the genera Arrhyton, Amphisbaena, and Typhlops were not found either. These reptiles have reclusive habits and are difficult to find, which makes it entirely possible that they went undetected during the inventory even though present.

Of these species, 15 amphibians and 17 reptiles

could be considered rare. It is very difficult to detect as

(93.8% and 85.0%, respectively) are endemic to Cuba,

it blends in perfectly with the trunks and branches where

and of those endemics, 7 amphibians and 4 reptiles are

it lives. Anolis loysianus is also rare because of difficult

endemic to the Sierra Maestra. Especially important are

detection, making our capture of a juvenile an interesting

the 3 species that only inhabit areas within the Park

addition to this herpetological inventory.

(Appendix 12), and another 5 that only inhabit areas within this Park and adjacent Turquino National Park.

It was very interesting to find both Anolis isolepis and A. altitudinalis in the Park because the latter had been considered a subspecies of the first until

New and significant records

just recently. We observed the two color variations of

Among the most notable finds is the new species of

A. isolepis (with and without a supralabial stripe)

Eleutherodactylus currently being described (Díaz, in

around María Tomasa (Fig. 6E), and A. altitudinalis

press). The inventories also allowed us to record new

was found in Pico Bayamesa’s cloud forest and in the

localities for three species that are restricted to the Sierra

pine forests at El Nueve.

Maestra, Eleutherodactylus cubanus, E. albipes, and E. turquinensis (Figs. 6A-C). These have been considered

Ecological observations

rare but we encountered them with relative abundance.

Of the amphibians recorded, 56% inhabit the ground,

Another important find was Diploglossus

19% inhabit riparian areas, and the remaining 24%

garridoi, a species previously known only from the

are divided equally between tree-dwelling, semi-tree-

holotype, an adult female collected at El Manguito.

dwelling, and bromeliad-dwelling species (Appendix

In the area of María Tomasa, we collected an adult male

12). Among the most common terrestrial species in the

and two juveniles (now these specimens are deposited at

rainforest’s leaf litter are Eleutherodactylus gundlachi,

the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba and

E. dimidiatus, and E. cubanus. At night, E. glamyrus

at the Museo de Historia Natural of Holguín, Cuba).

was frequent on vegetation, although it can also be

In Pinar del Millón, under a dense

found on the leaf litter during the day. E. turquinensis

accumulation of pine needles, we found a female

was only found in some areas along rocky streams

Sphaerodactylus, possibly S. cricoderus, previously

above 1,000 m altitude.

known for two localities: one 2.8 km north of Uvero

The rainforest harbored the most amphibian

and the other 1.5 km west-southwest of La Tabla,

species richness, followed by evergreen forest (Appendix

Santiago de Cuba Province. This species is considered

12). Eleutherodactylus albipes was only found in cloud

relatively rare because it is only known from these few

forest at La Bayamesa Peak. E. cubanus, E. glamyrus, and

specimens that were used to describe it. Our specimen is

E. melacara appeared above 800 m altitude, where the

being studied and we prefer to consider it as related to

rainforest begins. E. jaumei was found in evergreen forest,

S. cricoderus until further conclusions are made.

and was common between 900 and 1,000 m. While

We collected some Tropidophis individuals,

around 800-900 m, the rainforest is typically very humid,

possibly of the species T. pilsbryi, in Barrio Nuevo and

the evergreen forest (around 700 m) has a marked dry

surroundings, which if confirmed would increase this

season. Several frog species, including Eleutherodactylus

species’ range to the western Sierra Maestra, although

jaumei, E. dimidiatus, and E. cuneatus, had their highest

additional specimens are needed for verification.

densities in humid leaf litter in a minimum-flow creek,

We found a chameleon, “chipojo ceniciento”

where conditions are apparently most favorable.

(Chamaeleolis chamaeleonides; Fig. 6D) on our climb to

Eleutherodactylus ionthus was the only bromeliad-

Barrio Nuevo (Alto de Rondón), in a transition zone

dwelling frog of the genus that we could detect here, while

between evergreen and rainforest at 850 m. This species

in the rainforest near Barrio Nuevo, it was E. melacara,

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proving that both species overlap in the transition

Threatened species

between these vegetation types at Alto de Rondón (road

Of the Park amphibians, 68.8% are listed as threatened

to Barrio Nuevo). In the rainforest near Nuevo Mundo

to some degree (IUCN et al. 2004), and most of these

these two species were also sympatric.

are within the priority categories, elevating their

The frog “rana platanera” (Osteopilus

conservation importance. There are four species listed

septentrionalis) was common. Its larvae were abundant

as Critically Endangered and five listed as Endangered

in rivers and puddles. It was mating season for the

(Appendix 12).

species in Barrio Nuevo and El Manguito, and we made

Unlike the amphibians, only 20% of the

observations, audio recordings, and filmed their

Park’s reptiles are considered threatened (Appendix 12).

reproductive behavior at the first site.

The National Biodiversity Study lists all of them as

Overall, there were few amphibian vocalizations

“Vulnerable” (Vales et al. 1998). Of these, only one

heard during the inventory compared to the amount

species (Epicrates angulifer) has been included on

during the rainy season (April to October). Osteopilus

IUCN’s Red List (IUCN 2004).

septentrionalis was only heard during the height of its breeding season (five days) while we were at Barrio Nuevo. Approximately 100-120 individuals gathered in an artificial pool, 5 m in diameter, but the number of individuals and vocal activity begin gradually diminishing after three to four days. During the day and the first few hours at night, abundant vocalizations of the species Eleutherodactylus cubanus were heard. We also heard E. gundlachi, usually around dusk. E. auriculatus vocalized at sunset, but its calls were brief and did not last long. E. cuneatus, E. glamyrus, and E. melacara sporadically called from nightfall to the first morning hours, although E. melacara and E. ionthus were also periodically heard during the day. It should be noted that E. auriculatus and E. glamyrus are very difficult to identify if their calls are unknown, because they are sympatric at Barrio Nuevo. Night-time temperature during the inventory fluctuated between 7 and 19ºC. Among the reptiles, we observed Anolis homolechis, A. sagrei, A. porcatus, A. clivicola, A. alutaceus, and Leiocephalus cubensis most frequently. In the evergreen forest (at approximately 700 m) common species included Anolis allogus and A. argenteolus. These same species were not found above 900 m altitude. Like the amphibians, most reptile species were located in the rainforest and evergreen

142

THREATS Habitat destruction seems to be the biggest threat to the survival of the Park’s amphibians and reptiles, especially those with restricted ranges. Ecosystem fragmentation also seems to be a threat since it creates “islands” of habitat and the attendant separation of small populations. Principally, deforestation results from land conversion to agricultural uses and logging of timber species. Introduced species, such as feral dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus), can affect herpetofauna by predation. However, at this point, it is not known how these mammals impact the Park’s native fauna. Amphibian declines and extinctions have not been documented in Cuba, but the possibility cannot be rejected, especially in high-altitude, forested areas (La Bayamesa, for example), as it has been shown that most species in decline in Latin America live above 500 m altitude (Lips et al. 2003). The lack of baseline studies or previous data in Cuba could be masking the magnitude of amphibian declines on the island. RECOMMENDATIONS Protection and management n

Increase vigilance and control within the Park to

forest, but we only found tree-dwelling species (60% of

eradicate unregulated agriculture and unauthorized

total), ground-dwelling species (35%), and one that was

or excessive logging, thereby protecting its natural

associated with rivers and creeks (Appendix 12).

forest remnants.

RA PI D B IOLOG I CA L I NVE N TOR I E S

I N FORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Start developing plans to control introduced and established non-native species.

Much of eastern Cuba is mountainous. The tallest

Increase environmental education programs in nearby

of the ranges, the Sierra Maestra, straddles the city of

communities as a way to stop environmentally

Santiago de Cuba and extends west along the south

damaging practices that harm Park species and to

coast of Cuba. It forms the border between the provinces

raise conservation awareness.

of Granma and Santiago de Cuba along the narrow

Research n

INTRODUCTION

western extension of Santiago de Cuba. It contains the highest peak in Cuba, Pico Turquino, at an altitude of

Study habitat requirements of endemic species in

1,972 m. It also contains several other peaks that surpass

the Park and adjacent Turquino National Park in order

1,700 m in elevation, including Pico Bayamesa at

to detail the conditions present in their range,

1,752 m. Few bird surveys have occurred in the national

which would be useful for the species conservation

park created around Pico Bayamesa until this inventory.

and management.

One of us (Melián, unpublished) has surveyed the region

Understand and quantify effects of introduced

irregularly on brief trips since the 1970s.

fauna on amphibians and reptiles to use as a basis for implementing control and eradication strategies.

METHODS

Additional inventories

From 2 to 10 February 2004, we surveyed the area

We recommend additional studies of the herpetofauna

around two camps, Barrio Nuevo (Farnsworth) at

in the southeastern area of the Park (called “Maestrica

1,350 m (with coverage ranging from 800 to 1,575 m)

de los Libertadores”), which is poorly known due to

and El Zapato (Melián and Stotz) at 850 m (with

difficult access.

coverage up to 1,350 m). The areas covered were in Granma Province, except for a small part of the road

Ecological monitoring

surveyed by Farnsworth south of the Barrio Nuevo

Amphibian monitoring programs should be established

camp, which was in Santiago de Cuba Province.

in different parts of the Park in order to detect early

The entire area consists of steep hills covered with

signs of species declines or extinctions and carry out

disturbed broadleaf evergreen forest with scattered,

necessary actions before it’s too late.

native Pinus maestrensis and second growth, plus areas of mostly planted Pinus caribeus, which is introduced from western Cuba. Under most of the pines, which

BIRDS

are concentrated between 1,000 and 1,250 m, a dense broadleaf second growth grew to 4 to 6 m in height.

Participants / Authors: Andrew Farnsworth, Douglas Stotz, and Luis Omar Melián

Some open grassy areas or areas with a dense growth of ferns were scattered through the site. There were a few

Conservation targets: The four or five threatened species, namely Gundlach’s Hawk (Accipiter gundlachi), Sharp-shinned Hawk (A. striatus), Gray-fronted Quail-Dove (Geotrygon caniceps), Stygian Owl (Asio stygius), and, if present in the Park, Blackcapped Petrel (Pterodroma hasitata); 11 Cuban endemics present in the Park (Appendix 13); and migrant landbirds from North America, especially winter populations of Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli)

dwellings and small areas of agriculture, mainly in stream valleys below 1,150 m.

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We used the following techniques to assess the presence

previous work in these areas, we estimate roughly

and abundance of species in the area:

120 species to occur. Most species not recorded during

8-minute and 10-minute point-count observations, from a fixed location with unlimited detection distance and 200 m between each fixed observation point, with approximately 10 points per morning on

Although most endemic birds occur widely across Cuba and most endemics are apparently common Park appear to support exceptional densities of resident

15-minute transect counts, with unlimited detection distance and pishing to attract birds in the initial 2 minutes of every period, and between minutes 10 and 11, with 15 counts per morning on two different mornings

habitats not visited in 2004.

where they occur, the forests of La Bayamesa National

three different mornings n

our surveys are either seasonal migrants or occur in

endemic species, such as Cuban Trogon (Priotelus temnurus; Fig. 7B), and Cuban Solitaire (Myadestes elizabeth; Fig. 7A). These species likely occur in higher numbers in this area than in any other part of Cuba. Additionally, this area supports exceptional densities

Area searches, with no time or distance limits, using

of wintering migrants, especially Black-throated Blue

pishing to attract birds within a fixed area usually

Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens; Fig. 7C), which occurs

delimited by topographic or anthropogenic boundary

in densities higher than in any other Caribbean location.

(e.g., steep ridges, road cuts) n

Playback to determine the presence and to assess the abundance of some species, especially during

Threatened species Gundlach’s Hawk (Accipiter gundlachi )

nocturnal surveys of owls and caprimulgids, and diurnal

Small populations of this Cuban endemic appear to

surveys for Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli)

exist in the Park, but we did not observe this species above altitudes of 1,100 m. We observed this species on a few occasions in, or flying over, patches of broadleaf

RESULTS

forest. It is possible that the small number of columbids

Species richness and endemism

at higher elevations of the Park limits this species’

We recorded data for 69 points in cloud forest,

elevational range.

evergreen forest, and road cuts, and covered over 7.2 km during 9 hours and 45 minutes. We also recorded

Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)

30 counts on two road cut transects, covering over 7.5

Parties at both camps observed the resident subspecies

km during 7.5 hours. We recorded a total of 76 species

of Sharp-shinned Hawk, which is apparently rare

at Bayamesa including 11 endemic species. Farnsworth

throughout Cuba, and is considered to be threatened

found 55 species at Barrio Nuevo, while Stotz and

(Garrido and Kirkconnell 2000). The resident race

Melián recorded 68 at El Zapato (Appendix 13). Melián

differs substantially in plumage, and identifying

has conducted bird surveys in the region off and on since

residents from migrants is straightforward. Additional

the 1970s. During this work, he recorded 72 species,

surveys of the higher peaks in the Park could document

including an additional six species not seen during the

a small population of this species. Pine plantations and

current survey: White-winged Dove (Zenaida asiatica),

natural pine forests within the Park could be important

Key West Quail-Dove (Geotrygon chrysia), Yellow-billed

to this species, as they are for Sharp-shinned Hawk in

Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), Common Nighthawk

the United States.

(Chordeiles minor), Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica fusca), and Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra). Based on

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Stygian Owl (Asio stygius)

Peninsula and a survey should focus on this species in

We found at least three pairs of Stygian Owl in the area

the La Bayamesa National Park and adjacent areas.

near the camp at Barrio Nuevo. These birds appeared to be highly territorial and we believe they all had nests in

Rare migrants

the area during our survey period. Given that we found

Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula)

so many individuals in such a small area, we suggest that

On 2 February 2004, Farnsworth found a Ruby-

the Park may harbor a substantial population of Stygian

crowned Kinglet in a flock of Oriente Warblers at the

Owl. The apparent abundance of Stygian Owl follows

summit of Pico Botella, at approximately 1,450 m.

the pattern of other owls in the park, though the reasons

This record is only the third for Cuba. The previous

for such large owl populations are not known.

records included one near Havana in October 1964 (Garrido and Kirkconnell 2000), and one at Zapata in

Black-capped Petrel (Pterodroma hasitata; Fig. 7D)

February 2002 (Craves and Hall 2003).

This species probably nests on the higher peaks in the park that contain suitable nesting sites. We observed

Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli )

these petrels on two occasions just outside the Park

On 2 February 2004 at approximately 1,400 m,

(so it is not included in our list in Appendix 13).

Farnsworth heard several vocalizations of a single

We found this species in near-shore coastal waters

Bicknell’s Thrush at the base of Pico Botella. This record

(25 birds on 9 February 2004, and 46 birds on

is significant because the only known wintering

23 February 2004), and on one occasion we recorded

populations of this species in Cuba are near the summit

birds vocalizing and flying inland. Pico Turquino may

of Pico Turquino (Garrido and Kirkconnell 2000). This

support a small breeding population (Garrido 1985).

observation suggests that a small wintering population

Pico Bayamesa also may support a small population of

might be present in other appropriate habitat in the

petrels, but further research is necessary to confirm this.

Bayamesa region. The wintering areas for much of this

Lee and Viña (1993) suggest that the records at sea in

species’ population are not known. Currently, the vast

this area refer only to foraging birds and that evidence

majority of the population is thought to winter at high

that the species breeds in the Sierra Maestra is weak.

elevations on Hispaniola (AOU 1998), but cursory

The only known breeding colonies for this species are in

examination of the available habitat on peaks in La

the mountains of Hispaniola, mainly in Haiti (Collar et

Bayamesa National Park suggests that this area, along

al. 1992), although the species may still breed in the

with the area around Pico Turquino, might support a

mountains of the Dominican Republic. Given the

reasonably large wintering population of this species.

tremendous human pressures on the landscape in Haiti, populations of this petrel breeding in the Sierra Maestra

Philadelphia Vireo (Vireo philadelphicus)

would be important to its long-term survival.

Stotz found one individual in a mixed species flock on

Ascertaining the distribution and size of breeding

8 February 2004. This species is rare in Cuba (Garrido

populations in the Park should be a high priority.

and Kirkconnell 2000), and usually found as a migrant. This is the first record of the species for eastern Cuba

Gray-fronted Quail-Dove (Geotrygon caniceps)

(Melián, unpublished).

Melián observed one bird near the Zapato Camp at an altitude of approximately 1,100 m. This is a higher

Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina)

elevation than most populations in Cuba. Gray-fronted

Stotz and Melián observed a single Chipping Sparrow

Quail-Dove is rare away from its stronghold in the Zapata

above the Zapato camp on 6 and 7 February 2004, in open pine woods with a grassy understory at an altitude

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145

of ca. 1,150 m. There are only four previous records

Stopover ecology

from Cuba (Garrido and Kirkconnell 2000) with only

What are the roles of the Park in the migration ecology

one from eastern Cuba. Those with specific dates were

of Neotropical migrants that winter in Cuba or occur

in November, so this is the first winter record for this

only as transients? Based on our data, we believe the

species in Cuba.

Park is critical for various populations of wintering warblers, especially for populations of males and

Ecological interactions

females of the same species choosing different sites

The importance of the Oriente Warbler

and different elevations. Our results suggest that during

The endemic Oriente Warbler (Teretistris fornsi )

the migration season this area is critical for migrant

appears to be the major nuclear species of mixed-species

refueling. This area harbors a huge wintering population

foraging flocks in the montane forests of eastern Cuba.

of Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens;

On numerous occasions, we observed up to eight species

Fig. 7C), possibly representing greater than 50% of the

of wintering Neotropical migrants in mixed-species

world population.

flocks led by Teretistris. This species has all the

An assessment of the length of time that birds

hallmarks of a typical nuclear flock-species, including

spend in different locations, how much weight they gain,

alarm calls, high abundance, and multiple foraging

and mortality factors at different locations is not available

strategies. The importance of this species to the

but is needed to assess the importance of these areas.

survivorship of overwintering and transient Neotropical migrant birds is not known, but this probably warrants

Niches of Caribbean migrants and Neotropical migrants

further study. Based on our observations, we believe

Wintering migrants from North America occupy a wide

that Teretistris is an essential element of Neotropical

breadth of ecological niches in Cuba. We do not know

migrant mixed-species flock ecology in eastern Cuba. In

what fills these niches when these migrants depart in the

western Cuba, another member of this genus probably

spring. Are Caribbean migrants occupying these niches or

plays a similar role in flocking, potentially a very

are resident species filling them? Understanding the

important resource for overwintering or transient

dynamics of this situation would offer a unique view of

migrants. In areas without Teretistris, we found that

the ecology of migrant species and how they fit into a

mixed species flocks were small and transitory (i.e., we

resident community composed of many generalist species,

found evidence only of small aggregations of wintering

as well as an understanding of the patterns of resource

migrants with no endemics).

and habitat partitioning among Neotropical migrants, Caribbean migrants, and resident Cuban species.

Sexual differences in habitat usage by Neotropical migrants

Birds and fruit

Our observations agree with recent research suggesting

Many regions of the tropics exhibit relationships

that wintering male and female migrants exhibit a marked

between birds and fruit. Cuba appears to be no

difference in their preferences of habitat and elevation.

exception: we observed many resident and migrant

Therefore, different habitats are critically important for

species feeding on fruit, especially small fruits such as

the winter ecology of different species and of populations

those of Miconia (Melastomataceae). The importance

of the same species. If habitats are not available for

of this resource for the local avifauna requires further

both of the sexes, the balance between distribution of

study, including research on the seasonal pattern of fruit

males and females of a species would be upset, with

use relative to seasonal patterns of movements, the

unknown consequences.

degree to which migrant species use fruit resources, and a quantitative assessment of the importance of fruit in

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I N FORM E / REPORT NO. 13

local birds’ diets. However, our observations clearly

distribution and abundance of certain species in the

indicate that many species are using these resources

Bayamesa area? For example, is the absence of

heavily during the winter.

appropriate cavities the reason why the Cuban Parrot is not present in the Park?

THREATS n

knowledge and a full review of any previous research

concern. Increasing vehicular traffic could alter the

activities in the Park to determine the historical

structure of the avian community by introducing new

patterns of occurrence of bird species in the Park.

species to the area, change the vegetation structure,

and increase stress from hunting pressures. n

Carry out a thorough assessment of community

The effects of roads and increased travel are a

Observe Black-capped Petrel at sea near the coast, and flying inland at night, to determine if this species

West Nile virus is a potential threat but we do not

breeds in the Sierra Maestra. No nesting colonies have

have enough information about its occurrence in

been confirmed, and surveys of the appropriate

populations of resident and migrant bird species.

breeding habitat for colonies are needed. n

Further research the biology of Bicknell’s Thrush,

RECOMMENDATIONS

including active playback studies, area searches, and

Research

point and transect counts, to determine the

distribution and abundance of this species in the park,

What are the effects of pigs, goats, and other feral or

especially in the higher peaks (e.g., above 1,400 m).

exotic animals on the survivorship of ground-nesting birds and the health of the understory vegetation community? n

The factors driving high densities of endemic species

Determine how tolerant resident and migrant species are to different land use practices, especially light use, and potential ecotourism development.

at the sites we visited are unknown. Further studies of the breeding biology, behavioral ecology, and

Additional inventory

habitat productivity from multiple sites are necessary.

Survey the presence and extent of West Nile virus in

There exist many opportunities for researchers at the

resident and migrant bird populations.

graduate and professional level to study populations, to monitor trends, to study behavior, and to gain a better understanding of ecological and biological interactions that define the ranges of species. n

Several studies are needed to clarify the ecological roles of migrants and residents in the Park, and should include banding, point and transect counts, counts of visual migration of birds during morning flight, acoustic monitoring of nocturnal migrants, winter surveys of migrant populations, and winter survivorship.

Determine the requirements for secondary-cavity nesting species in the Park. What is the relationship between woodpecker abundance and other cavitynesting species? Are cavities a limiting factor for the

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Apéndices /Appendices

Apéndice / Appendix 1 Estadios Sucesionales de la Pluvisilva Montana en el Parque Nacional La Bayamesa, Cuba

ESTADIOS SUCESIONALES

Por : Orlando J. Reyes y Félix Acosta Cantillo En la zona altitudinal donde se desarrolla esta formación vegetal, el estrés hídrico no es un factor limitante: las temperaturas son relativamente frescas durante todo el año, la humedad relativa es elevada, las nieblas y nubes bajas son frecuentes, y la transpiración es relativamente baja. Aunque se conoce que con la altitud aumenta la intensidad de la luz, en la pluvisilva montana se presenta una alteración de este carácter. Más de la mitad de los días del año (p. ej., 238 días en la pluvisilva montana de la Gran Piedra; Montenegro, inédito), se produce desde alrededor del mediodía la formación de nieblas y nubes bajas, que impiden el paso de la radiación solar directa, llegando sólo la radiación difusa. Así, durante siete meses del año la insolación real es 20% o menos, respecto a la astronómica (Montenegro 1991). Con ello, se altera la temperatura, la evapotranspiración, la cantidad, intensidad, y calidad de la luz recibida, así como la tasa fotosintética. Según Gliessman (2002), la luz bajo un dosel semejante al de la pluvisilva montana tiene una cierta cantidad de luz roja y azul, así como cantidades relativamente altas de luz verde e infrarroja, mientras que la luz difusa en el exterior es principalmente azul y violeta. Algunas horas del día el espectro solar llega completo. Por ello, muchas especies que viven en las pluvisilvas han adquirido adaptaciones a ese variable y complejo rango de calidad de la luz, lo que les permite desarrollarse (en esas condiciones ecológicas), tanto dentro como fuera del bosque, y en los diferentes estadios sucesionales. Por ello, se han agrupado las especies encontradas de la forma siguiente: n

Especies pioneras, heliófilas estrictas, principalmente con un tipo de selección “r” (sensu Gliessman 2002), y que se encuentran sólo en las primeras etapas sucesionales

Especies arbustivas y herbáceas que se presentan tanto dentro de las pluvisilvas como en lugares abiertos

Especies arbustivo-arbóreas, que pueden llegar a ser codominantes en este tipo de bosque, y que crecen también en lugares abiertos

Especies arbóreas que dominan en el bosque maduro, y que son fundamentalmente del tipo de selección “c”

ESTADIOS SUCESIONALES SIN PINOS Concordando con Budowski (1985), Valdes-Lafont (1986), y Capote et al. (1988), durante este estudio encontramos los siguientes estadios: n

Comunidades secundarias inmediatas

Comunidades tempranas (Fiera I y Homeostasis I)

Comunidades tardías (Fiera II y Homeostasis II)

Climax o etapa madura

Durante esa cenogénesis, se reemplazan las especies de pioneras a propias de la pluvisilva. A partir de la Homeostasis I, los cambios continúan, pero no son modificaciones estructurales importantes, sino se mantiene la dirección, aumentando el tamaño, la complejidad, y la estabilidad.

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Apéndice /Appendix 1 Successional Stages in Mountain Rainfores t of La Bayamesa National Park, Cuba

S U C C E S S IO N A L S TAGES

By Orlando J. Reyes and Félix Acosta Cantillo In the Park’s higher altitudes where montane rainforests thrive, water stress is not a limiting factor: temperatures are relatively cool year-round, relative humidity is elevated, fog and low clouds are common, and transpiration is moderately low. Light intensity normally increases with altitude, but this is not the case in these montane rainforests. Fog and low clouds are present until midday more than half of the days per year (for example, 238 days in Gran Piedra’s montane rainforest; Montenegro, unpublished). These clouds block direct solar radiation, permitting only diffused solar radiation. As a result, during seven months of the year, insolation is only 20% (Montenegro 1991), which alters temperatures, the quantity, intensity, and quality of light received, and the rate of photosynthesis. According to Gliessman (2002), light under a canopy similar to that of the montane rainforest contains a certain amount of red and blue light, as well as relatively high quantities of green and infrared light, while diffused light outside the canopy is principally blue and violet. During several hours of the day, the complete light spectrum penetrates. As a result, many species living in rainforests have acquired adaptations to the variable and complete range of light conditions, which allow different species to live (in these ecological conditions) within and outside of the forest and in different successional stages. Based on this, species can be grouped as follows: n

Pioneer species, strictly heliophilous (sun-loving), principally with a selection type “r” (sensu Gliessman 2002), that are found only during initial stages of succession

Shrub and herbaceous plants found within rainforests and open areas

Shrub-tree species that can be co-dominant in this forest type and also grow in open areas

Arboreal species that predominate in mature forests, and are fundamentally type “c” selection

SUCCESIONAL STAGES WITHOUT PINES Following classifications presented in Budowski (1985), Valdes-Lafont (1986), and Capote et al. (1988), we focused on the following successional stages during this study: n

Immediate secondary communities

Early successional communities (Fiera I and Homeostasis I)

Late successional communities (Fiera II and Homeostasis II)

Climax or mature successional communities

During changes in successional stages, species replace one another — rainforest species begin replacing pioneers. Starting in successional stage Homeostasis I, changes continue but without important structural changes. Instead the succession maintains course, species increase in size, and the community becomes more complex and stable. Biodiversity increases with each successional stage (Table 1), as shown in Gliessman (2002).

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ESTADI OS SUCESI ON A LE S

La biodiversidad aumenta con los estadios sucesionales (Tabla 1), en lo que se concuerda con Gliessman (2002). Tabla 1. Tipos y número de especies en las diferentes comunidades sucesionales en la pluvisilva montana. Arbustivas y herbáceas

Pioneras

Codominantes

Arbóreas del climax

Número de especies

Derrumbe con pinos

Comunidad con Pteridium aquilinum

Comunidad con Dicranopteris pectinata

58 80

Homeostasis I Fiera II (pluvisilva)

Fiera II (pinares)

Etapa climax

Comunidades secundarias inmediatas Como primeras etapas de la recuperación, después de las alteraciones más intensas y largas (las que a su vez provocan la pérdida del fondo genético y el mayor estrés) se producen comunidades de especies heliófilas y sinantrópicas. La más extensa es un “herbazal antrópico con arbustos” que se desarrolla como uno de los primeros estadios sucesionales, después de ser abandonados los potreros y cultivos realizados en ecótopos de pluvisilva montana. El suelo es Ferralítico Rojo Lixiviado, erosionado, y Ferralítico Amarillento Lixiviado, plástico, con muy malas condiciones productivas. Tiene un solo estrato, de alrededor de 1 m, con 100% de cobertura, dominado por Pteridium aquilinum var. arachnoideum, del que sobresalen arbustos aislados de Myrsine coriacea. No observamos una capa de humus, aunque a veces, debido a la gran densidad de dicho helecho, tiene una capa de alrededor de 30 cm de restos muertos del mismo. La gran mayoría de las especies son pioneras, heliófilas (algunas sinantrópicas) y faltan casi totalmente las que conforman estadios sucesionales avanzados (p. ej., Cyathea furfuracea, C. parvula, y Cyrilla racemiflora), las arbóreas, y gran parte de las arbustivas de la pluvisilva montana. Las especies constantes y abundantes son Pteridium aquilinum var. arachnoideum, Myrsine coriacea, Andropogon bicornis (Poaceae), y localmente otras especies. Son también constantes Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae), Tibouchina longifolia (Melastomataceae), Brunellia comocladifolia, Miconia dodecandra, Hebeclinium macrophyllum (Asteraceae), Lobelia assurgens var assurgens (Campanulaceae), Piper aduncum (Piperaceae), Urena lobata (Malvaceae), Spermacoce laevis (Rubiaceae), Coccocypselum lanceolatum (Rubiaceae), Panicum glutinosum, y localmente otras especies. En los lugares donde se producen deslaves, taludes de caminos, y degradación de los suelos (generalmente en altitudes mayores de 1 300 msnm y con grandes pendientes), se produce otra comunidad secundaria inmediata, con dominancia de Dicranopteris pectinata

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Apéndice /Appendix 1 Successional Stages in Mountain Rainfores t of La Bayamesa National Park, Cuba

S U C C E S S IO N A L S TAGES

Table 1. Types and number of species in different successional communities in the montane rainforest. Shrubs and herbaceous species

Pioneers

Co-dominants

Late successional trees

Number of species

Landslides with pines

Community with Pteridium aquilinum

Community with Dicranopteris pectinata

Homeostasis I Fiera II (rainforests)

Fiera II (pine forests)

Climax stage

Immediate secondary communities During the first stages of regeneration, after intense and long disturbances (which provoke loss of genetic material and generate the most stress), communities of heliophilous and synantropic species develop. During the most extensive, initial successional stage, “anthropogenic grassland with shrubs” develop following abandonment of pastures and farms in montane rainforest ecotopes. The soil is eroded Ferralítico Rojo Lixiviado and gummy Ferralítico Amarillento with very poor productive conditions. There is only one vegetative layer, reaching close to 1 m with 100% coverage, dominated by Pteridium aquilinum var. arachnoideum, with isolated emergent Myrsine coriacea shrubs. We did not observe a humus layer, although at times because of great fern density, there was a layer of dead remains about 30 cm thick. Most species are pioneers, heliophytes (some are synantropic), and almost all late successional species are absent (e.g., Cyathea furfuracea, C. parvula, Cyrilla racemiflora, montane rainforest tree species, and the majority of the montane rainforest shrubs). Constant and abundant species are Pteridium aquilinum var. arachnoideum, Myrsine coriacea, Andropogon bicornis (Poaceae), and locally other species. Additional constant species include Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae), Tibouchina longifolia (Melastomataceae), Brunellia comocladifolia, Miconia dodecandra, Hebeclinium macrophyllum (Asteraceae), Lobelia assurgens var. assurgens (Campanulaceae), Piper aduncum (Piperaceae), Urena lobata (Malvaceae), Spermacoce laevis (Rubiaceae), Coccocypselum lanceolatum (Rubiaceae), Panicum glutinosum, and locally other species. In areas with washouts, roadbanks, and soil degradation (generally at altitudes greater than 1,300 m with steep slopes), a different kind of immediate secondary community develops, where Dicranopteris pectinata (Gleicheniaceae) dominates. Soil is also Ferralítico Rojo Lixiviado. This community generally has an incipient shrub layer, but it does not surpass 10% coverage. Isolated species include Clusia grisebachiana, Myrsine coriacea, Cyathea parvula, C. furfuracea, and Cyrilla racemiflora. The herbaceous layer has 100% coverage of Dicranopteris pectinata, and reaches between 80 and 100 cm. Other constants present in this layer are Coccocypselum herbaceum, Andropogon virginicus, Schizachyrium gracile

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ESTADIOS SUCESIONALES

(Gleicheniaceae). El suelo es también Ferralítico Rojo Lixiviado. Generalmente presenta un incipiente estrato arbustivo que no sobrepasa el 10% de cobertura, y aisladamente se observan Clusia grisebachiana, Myrsine coriacea, Cyathea parvula, C. furfuracea, y Cyrilla racemiflora. El estrato herbáceo, que tiene un 100% de cobertura de Dicranopteris pectinata, y una altura entre 80 y 100 cm, presenta además como constantes a Coccocypselum herbaceum, Andropogon virginicus, Schizachyrium gracile (Poaceae), y localmente Tibouchina longifolia, Scleria lithosperma, Hypericum hypericoides, una especie de Panicum, Viburnum villosum, y más raramente otras especies. En Pico Botella, a mayor altitud, y generalmente por encima de los 1 400 msnm, se presenta en los taludes de los caminos con una inclinación de 60 o más grados, una comunidad con un estrato herbáceo de 60 a 100 cm de altura, y 100% de cobertura, de Blechnum lineatum. Son constantes además Lycopodiella cernua, Scleria lithosperma, y una especie de Chaptalia (Asteraceae). Con menor constancia se observan Zeugites americana, una especie de Liabum (Asteraceae), Callicarpa ferruginea, Sticherus bifidus, y Coccocypselum herbaceum. Comúnmente sobrepasan este estrato arbustos aislados entre 1.5 y 2.0 m de Garrya fadyena, y Hedyosmum grisebachii; ocasionalmente se hallan también Cyrilla racemiflora, y/o Cyathea parvula. Es notable, y pertinente al manejo de estas áreas del Parque, que los helechos retardaban el proceso sucesional en los derrumbes invadidos por ellos (Guariguata 1990, citado por Andrade 1993, en la parte alta del Yunque, Puerto Rico). Estadio sucesional Fiera I El sitio estudiado parece que fue un potrero, próximo al Brazo Oeste del río La Plata, y puede tener alrededor de 25 años de abandonado. Hay árboles aislados de 6 a 8 m de altura, y un 40% de cobertura. Las especies más abundantes son Myrsine coriacea, Miconia dodecandra, y Brunellia comocladifolia. Están también presentes Cecropia schreberiana (Cecropiaceae), Cyathea parvula, Cyrilla racemiflora, Zanthoxylum martinicense (Rutaceae), y Viburnum villosum. Se encuentra además un estrato arbustivo-herbáceo con alrededor de 2 m (con algunos ejemplares de 2.5 a 3.0 m), muy denso, con un 100% de cobertura. Las especies más abundantes son Cyathea parvula, C. furfuracea, Panicum maximum y P. glutinosum (Poaceae), y Pteridium aquilinum var. arachnoideum. Se observan también, aunque con poca cobertura, Cyrilla racemiflora, Ilex macfadyenii, Piper aduncum, Miconia dodecandra, Palicourea alpina, Clethra cubensis, Psychotria grandis (Rubiaceae), Viburnum villosum, Callicarpa ferruginea (Verbenaceae), Hypericum hypericoides, Alsophila major, Brunellia comocladifolia, Lobelia assurgens var. assurgens, Urena lobata, Meriania leucantha var. nana, Ageratina paucibracteata, Chromolaena odorata, Spermacoce laevis, Scleria lithosperma, Begonia cubensis (Begoniaceae), Sticherus bifidus, Coccocypselum herbaceum, Lycopodiella cernua, y Lycopodium clavatum. Las lianas encontradas son Smilax lanceolata (Smilacaceae), Vitis tiliaefolia, Cissus grisebachii (Vitaceae), Passiflora sexflora (Passifloraceae), y Odontosoria aculeata. En este estadio, las especies pioneras comienzan a disminuir y a ser relegadas a las áreas abiertas. Al mismo tiempo, aumentan los helechos arborescentes que dominan estadios sucesionales más avanzados.

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Apéndice /Appendix 1 Successional Stages in Mountain Rainfores t of La Bayamesa National Park, Cuba

S U C C E S S IO N A L S TAGES

(Poaceae), and (locally) Tibouchina longifolia, Scleria lithosperma, Hypericum hypericoides, a species of Panicum, Viburnum villosum, and very rarely other species. On Pico Botella, generally above 1,400 m altitude, along roadbanks with an inclination of 60 degrees or more, a community with an herbaceous layer 60 to 100 cm in height and a 100% coverage of Blechnum lineatum develops. Other constant species include Lycopodiella cernua, Scleria lithosperma, and a species of Chaptalia (Asteraceae). Less often seen are species such as Zeugites americana, a species of Liabum (Asteraceae), Callicarpa ferruginea, Sticherus bifidus, and Coccocypselum herbaceum. Isolated shrubs, including Garrya fadyena and Hedyosmum grisebachii, commonly surpass the herbaceous layer, reaching between 1.5 and 2.0 m. Occasionally Cyrilla racemiflora, and/or Cyathea parvula are also found. When considering management options for these areas within the Park, it should be noted that one study documented a slower successional process where ferns had invaded a landslide site (Guariguata 1990, cited by Andrade 1993, in the upper part of Yunque, Puerto Rico). Fiera I successional stage It appears that our study site of this successional stage was once a pasture, abandoned perhaps 25 years ago, next to Brazo Oeste, the western branch of the La Plata River. There are scattered trees reaching 6 to 8 m in height, with 40% coverage. The most abundant species are Myrsine coriacea, Miconia dodecandra, and Brunellia comocladifolia. Other species present include Cecropia schreberiana (Cecropiaceae), Cyathea parvula, Cyrilla racemiflora, Zanthoxylum martinicense (Rutaceae), and Viburnum villosum. There is a very dense shrub-herbaceous layer that reaches approximately 2 m (with some individuals reaching between 2.5 and 3.0 m), with 100% coverage. The most abundant species are Cyathea parvula, C. furfuracea, Panicum maximum and P. glutinosum (Poaceae), and Pteridium aquilinum var. arachnoideum. Other species, with very little coverage, include Cyrilla racemiflora, Ilex macfadyenii, Piper aduncum, Miconia dodecandra, Palicourea alpina, Clethra cubensis, Psychotria grandis (Rubiaceae), Viburnum villosum, Callicarpa ferruginea (Verbenaceae), Hypericum hypericoides, Alsophila major, Brunellia comocladifolia, Lobelia assurgens var. assurgens, Urena lobata, Meriania leucantha var. nana, Ageratina paucibracteata, Chromolaena odorata, Spermacoce laevis, Scleria lithosperma, Begonia cubensis (Begoniaceae), Sticherus bifidus, Coccocypselum herbaceum, Lycopodiella cernua, and Lycopodium clavatum. Lianas include Smilax lanceolata (Smilacaceae), Vitis tiliaefolia, Cissus grisebachii (Vitaceae), Passiflora sexflora (Passifloraceae), and Odontosoria aculeata. In this stage, the pioneer species begin to diminish and are relegated to open areas. At the same time, tree ferns — which normally dominate later successional stages — increase in numbers. Homeostasis I successional stage In this successional stage a more or less stable coverage of some species develops, heliophilous species begin to disappear, and the umbrophilous (shade-adapted) species typical of these rainforests emerge. A shrub-arboreal level is common in this stage, with 100% coverage, dominated by Cyrilla racemiflora and the tree ferns Cyathea parvula, and C. furfuracea (which are the species with the most coverage and the ones that define this layer). Constant species found are Myrsine coriacea, Ixora ferrea, a species of Eupatorium s.l. (Asteraceae), Palicourea alpina, and a few

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Estadio sucesional Homeostasis I Es el estadio sucesional en el que ya se produce una cobertura cerrada más o menos estable de algunas especies, donde comienzan a desaparecer las especies heliófilas, y a entrar las umbrófilas que son propias de estas pluvisilvas. Un estrato arbustivo-arbóreo es típico en este estadio, con un 100% de cobertura, dominado por Cyrilla racemiflora y los helechos arborescentes Cyathea parvula y C. furfuracea (que son las especies que tienen la mayor cobertura y definen esta etapa). Se encuentran como constantes Myrsine coriacea, Ixora ferrea, una especie de Eupatorium s.l. (Asteraceae), Palicourea alpina, y con menor constancia otras especies. Se presenta también una incipiente estratificación de la vegetación. El estrato herbáceo tiene una cobertura entre 20 y 50%, ocasionalmente más o menos. Las especies más frecuentes son Clusia grisebachiana, Miconia dodecandra, Panicum glutinosum, Coccocypselum lanceolatum (Rubiaceae), Hypolepis nigrescens (Dennstaedtiaceae), Clethra cubensis, Alchornea latifolia (Euphorbiaceae), Brunellia comocladifolia, Ocotea leucoxylon, Zeugites americana, Scleria lithosperma, y Ossaea granulata (Melastomataceae). Se observa además la entrada de un grupo de especies que conforman el estrato arbóreo en la etapa madura de la pluvisilva montana. Sobre todo, estas especies están en el estrato herbáceo, con poca cobertura y en pequeño número, como Ixora ferrea, Matayba apetala, Ocotea leucoxylon, Brunellia comocladifolia, Prunus occidentalis, Chionanthus domingensis, Magnolia cubensis subsp. cubensis, y Clusia grisebachiana. Desaparecen a su vez, o tienen una vitalidad muy disminuida, elementos pioneros como Pteridium aquilinum var. arachnoideum, Dicranopteris pectinata, Urena lobata, y Chromolaena odorata. Además, comienzan a observarse signos de las capas de mantillo (L de 2.0-3.0 cm, F de 0.5-2.0 cm con raicillas , y H desde vestigios de humus hasta una estera radical de 3.5 cm). La evolución del mantillo en el proceso sucesional fue estudiado por Herrera et al. (1987) para un bosque siempreverde mesófilo. Estadio sucesional Fiera II La fase de Fiera II comienza cuando las especies arbóreas sobrepasan el estrato de la Homeostasis I, interaccionando entre ellas. Conforman un estrato arbóreo de 8 a 12 m, con individuos aislados de 15 m, y una cobertura entre 40 y 100%. Las más abundantes en este estrato son Miconia dodecandra, Myrsine coriacea, Cyrilla racemiflora, y a veces Brunellia comocladifolia, Alchornea latifolia, y Clusia grisebachiana. Se presentan también Ixora ferrea, Viburnum villosum, Cyathea furfuracea, Ocotea leucoxylon, Clethra cubensis, Matayba oppositifolia, Miconia pteroclada, y ocasionalmente Cinnamomum elongatum, Schefflera morototoni (Araliaceae), y Magnolia cubensis subsp. cubensis. El estrato arbustivo es aún denso y cubre generalmente entre 60 y 90%. Las especies más abundantes son Cyathea parvula, C. furfuracea , Cyrilla racemiflora, y Palicourea alpina. A veces son abundantes Hypolepis nigrescens, Alchornea latifolia, y Graffenrieda rufescens. Se observan también Ixora ferrea, Clidemia umbellata (Melastomataceae), Myrsine coriacea, y Alsophila major. El estrato herbáceo cubre mayormente entre 50 y 70%. Es muy diverso y las especies más abundantes son Cyathea parvula, Hypolepis nigrescens, Elaphoglossum chartaceum, Clidemia umbellata, Psychotria guadaloupensis, Palicourea alpina, Coccocypselum herbaceum, y Panicum glutinosum. Son constantes, aunque con poca cobertura, Callicarpa ferruginea, Blechnum fragile, Arthrostylidium multispicatum, una especie de Eupatorium, y Oplismenus setarius (Poaceae).

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other less constant species. Incipient vegetation stratification is present at this stage. The herbaceous layer covers between 20 and 50%, although it can fluctuate either way. “ Most frequent species include Clusia grisebachiana, Miconia dodecandra, Panicum glutinosum, Coccocypselum lanceolatum (Rubiaceae), Hypolepis nigrescens (Dennstaedtiaceae), Clethra cubensis, Alchornea latifolia (Euphorbiaceae), Brunellia comocladifolia, Ocotea leucoxylon, Zeugites americana, Scleria lithosperma, and Ossaea granulata (Melastomataceae). A group of species that forms the arboreal layer of the montane rainforest’s mature successional stage also begins to emerge. The few individuals are found in the herbaceous layer and have small coverage, and include species like Ixora ferrea, Matayba apetala, Ocotea leucoxylon, Brunellia comocladifolia, Prunus occidentalis, Chionanthus domingensis, Magnolia cubensis subsp. cubensis, and Clusia grisebachiana. Simultaneously, pioneer elements such as Pteridium aquilinum var. arachnoideum, Dicranopteris pectinata, Urena lobata, and Chromolaena odorata either disappear altogether or lose their vitality. Distinguishable humus layers also become apparent (2.0-3.0 cm thick L layer, 0.5-2.0 cm thick F layer with rootlets, and H layer anywhere from trace amounts of humus to a root mat 3.5 cm thick). Herrera et al. (1987) studied evolution of humus in the successional process of a mesophyll evergreen forest. Fiera II successional stage This phase begins when arboreal species surpass the layer seen in Homeostasis I, and begin interacting with one another. The arboreal layer reaches heights of 8 to 12 m, with some individuals reaching 15 m, and covers between 40 and 100%. The most abundant species in this layer are Miconia dodecandra, Myrsine coriacea, Cyrilla racemiflora, and sometimes Brunellia comocladifolia, Alchornea latifolia, and Clusia grisebachiana. Other species present include Ixora ferrea, Viburnum villosum, Cyathea furfuracea, Ocotea leucoxylon, Clethra cubensis, Matayba oppositifolia, Miconia pteroclada, and occasionally Cinnamomum elongatum, Schefflera morototoni (Araliaceae), and Magnolia cubensis subsp. cubensis. The shrub layer is still dense and generally covers between 60 and 90%. The most abundant species are Cyathea parvula, C. furfuracea, Cyrilla racemiflora, and Palicourea alpina. Sometimes abundant are Hypolepis nigrescens, Alchornea latifolia, and Graffenrieda rufescens. Other species observed include Ixora ferrea, Clidemia umbellata (Melastomataceae), Myrsine coriacea, and Alsophila major. The herbaceous layer usually covers between 50 and 70%. It is very diverse and the most abundant species are Cyathea parvula, Hypolepis nigrescens, Elaphoglossum chartaceum, Clidemia umbellata, Psychotria guadaloupensis, Palicourea alpina, Coccocypselum herbaceum, and Panicum glutinosum. Constant species with very little coverage are Callicarpa ferruginea, Blechnum fragile, Arthrostylidium multispicatum, a species of Eupatorium s.l., and Oplismenus setarius (Poaceae). Homeostasis II successional stage In this successional stage, which is one of relative equilibrium, typical montane rainforest species form a closed canopy. Although the community is young, as evidenced by smalldiameter trees, the mix of species that have developed under the canopy, including the shrubs, is stable. Forest at this stage is also called a “restored forest” (bosque restaurador, Herrera and Rodríguez 1988), and its humus layers have evolved completely: The L horizon is 3.0 cm thick, the F layer is 1.5 cm thick, and a root mat embedded in a matrix of humus is approximately 3.0 cm.

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ESTADIOS SUCESIONALES

Estadio sucesional Homeostasis II Es el estadio sucesional en el cual ya los árboles se constituyen en un estrato cerrado de las especies propias de la pluvisilva montana, conforman a su vez una etapa de equilibrio relativo. Aunque joven, pues los árboles tienen poco grosor, presenta ya una estabilidad de las especies que se han desarrollado bajo el dosel, incluso las arbustivas. En este estadio, también conocido como “bosque restaurador” (Herrera y Rodríguez 1988), ya han evolucionado completamente las capas de mantillo: la capa L tiene 3.0 cm, la F 1.5 cm, y una estera radical embebida en una matriz de humus de alrededor de 3.0 cm. El estrato arbóreo tiene un 100% de cobertura, con un dosel continuo de 15 a 18 m, y predominantes de 25 m. Las especies más abundantes son Chionanthus domingensis, Guatteria moralesi, Matayba apetala, Cyrilla racemiflora, Persea anomala, Cinnamomum elongatum, y Clusia grisebachiana. Se encuentran también Cecropia schreberiana, Zanthoxylum martinicense, Ocotea leucoxylon, Dendropanax arboreus (Araliaceae), una especie de Coccoloba (Polygonaceae), Myrsine coriacea, Viburnum villosum, y Guettarda valenzuelana (Rubiaceae). El estrato arbustivo alcanza un 70% de cobertura, y las especies más abundantes son Chionanthus domingensis, Cyathea furfuracea, C. parvula, Meriania leucantha var. nana, y Psychotria grandis. Se observan además Ocotea leucoxylon, Eugenia laeteviridis, Persea anomala, Tabebuia brooksiana (Bignoniaceae), la misma especie de Coccoloba, Guettarda valenzuelana, Graffenrieda rufescens, Ossaea granulata (Melastomataceae), y Palicourea alpina. A su vez, el estrato herbáceo tiene un 70%, y las especies más abundantes son Palicourea alpina, Psychotria grandis, Cyathea parvula, Ocotea leucoxylon, Chionanthus domingensis, Meriania leucantha var. nana, Arthrostylidium multispicatum, una especie de Pilea (Urticaceae), Panicum glutinosum, y Alsophila major. Se presentan también Sideroxylon jubilla (Sapotaceae), Magnolia cubensis subsp. cubensis, Guatteria moralesii, Weinmannia pinnata, Ixora ferrea, Eugenia laeteviridis, Viburnum villosum, Miconia pteroclada, Gesneria viridiflora var. obovata (Gesneriaceae), Hedyosmum grisebachii, Callicarpa ferruginea, Sapium erythrospermum , Piper peltata (Piperaceae), Turpinia paniculata (Staphyleaceae), Pelexia adnata (Orchidaceae), y Elaphoglossum chartaceum. Como se observa, un gran número de las especies de los estratos inferiores son posturas de árboles, con lo que se asegura la estabilidad cenótica. Las lianas son muy escasas; se halló sólo a Cissus grisebachii, y una especie de Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae). Las epífitas están dispersas; se encontraron Isochilus linearis, Tillandsia valenzuelana, y una especie de Guzmania (Bromeliaceae).

SUCESIÓN CON PINOS La sucesión con intervención del pino es diferente que la sucesión en la pluvisilva montana. El primer estadio con dosel cerrado lo forma Pinus maestrensis, el que sigue creciendo (alrededor de un metro por año) y nunca es sobrepasado por las especies latifolias. Es decir, la competencia entre las latifolias siempre se produce debajo del dosel del pino. En estadios avanzados, las especies de la pluvisilva cierran el estrato arbóreo, impidiendo la germinación de los pinos, observándose al final sólo árboles aislados, los que posteriormente desaparecen, presentando el bosque latifolio un dosel cerrado y con las características climáticas.

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The arboreal layer has 100% coverage, and its closed canopy reaches between 15 and 18 m, with emergents reaching 25 m. The most abundant species are Chionanthus domingensis, Guatteria moralesi, Matayba apetala, Cyrilla racemiflora, Persea anomala, Cinnamomum elongatum, and Clusia grisebachiana. Other species found include Cecropia schreberiana, Zanthoxylum martinicense, Ocotea leucoxylon, Dendropanax arboreus (Araliaceae), a species of Coccoloba (Polygonaceae), Myrsine coriacea, Viburnum villosum, and Guettarda valenzuelana (Rubiaceae). The shrub layer can have 70% coverage and its most abundant species are Chionanthus domingensis, Cyathea furfuracea, C. parvula, Meriania leucantha var. nana, and Psychotria grandis. Other species observed include Ocotea leucoxylon, Eugenia laeteviridis, Persea anomala, Tabebuia brooksiana (Bignoniaceae), the same Coccoloba species mentioned for the arboreal layer, Guettarda valenzuelana, Graffenrieda rufescens, Ossaea granulata (Melastomataceae), and Palicourea alpina. The herbaceous layer also has 70% coverage. Its most abundant species are Palicourea alpina, Psychotria grandis, Cyathea parvula, Ocotea leucoxylon, Chionanthus domingensis, Meriania leucantha var. nana, Arthrostylidium multispicatum, a species of Pilea (Urticaceae), Panicum glutinosum, and Alsophila major. Other species present are Sideroxylon jubilla (Sapotaceae), Magnolia cubensis subsp. cubensis, Guatteria moralesii, Weinmannia pinnata, Ixora ferrea, Eugenia laeteviridis, Viburnum villosum, Miconia pteroclada, Gesneria viridiflora var. obovata (Gesneriaceae), Hedyosmum grisebachii, Callicarpa ferruginea, Sapium erythrospermum, Piper peltata (Piperaceae), Turpinia paniculata (Staphyleaceae), Pelexia adnata (Orchidaceae), and Elaphoglossum chartaceum. As is noted from the these species lists, a large number of species in lower layers are saplings of the same species present in the upper layer, and subsequently, cenotic stability is assured. Lianas are scarce; the only species found are Cissus grisebachii, and a species of Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae). Epiphytes are scattered; species include Isochilus linearis, Tillandsia valenzuelana, and a species of Guzmania (Bromeliaceae).

SUCCESSION WITH PINES When pines are present, succession differs from that in mountain rainforest without pines. The first closed canopy stage is made up of individuals of Pinus maestrensis, which continue to grow (about one meter per year) without replacement by broadleaf species (at this stage). That is, competition from broadleaf species only takes place under the pine canopy. As pine groves form, their roots and fallen needles begin to improve soil conditions. In advanced successional stages, rainforest species begin to close the arboreal layer, preventing pine germination. In the end, only isolated pine trees remain, which eventually disappear and leave a closed canopy broadleaf forest with characteristic climatic conditions. Immediate secondary community (landslide with pines) The open landslide we studied occurred approximately 20 years ago. Its substrate is made |up of weathered ferralitic crust with significant rocky areas. It has an arboreal layer of dispersed Pinus maestrensis individuals, with coverage between 30 and 40% that reaches between 10 and 15 m in height. Isolated Myrsine coriacea individuals are found as well. This stage is classified as an immediate secondary community or Fiera I because only heliophilous and pioneer species are present and there are no montane rainforest species (Table 1). The shrub layer covers approximately 60% and the most abundant species include Pinus

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Comunidad secundaria inmediata (derrumbe con pinos) Este derrumbe abierto es un sustrato constituido por corteza de meteorización ferralítica con importantes áreas rocosas, y puede tener cerca de 20 años. Actualmente tiene un estrato arbóreo de Pinus maestrensis, dispersos, con una cobertura entre 30 y 40% y entre 10 y 15 m de altura. Aisladamente se encuentran ejemplares de Myrsine coriacea. En este estadio no se presenta ninguna de las especies arbóreas de la pluvisilva montana, encontrándose varias especies heliófilas y pioneras (Tabla 1), por lo que puede considerarse como una comunidad secundaria inmediata, o Fiera I. El estrato arbustivo cubre alrededor del 60%, y las especies más abundantes son Pinus maestrensis, Piper aduncum, Cyrilla racemiflora, y Cyathea parvula. Se encuentran también Viburnum villosum, Myrsine coriacea, Clethra cubensis, Lyonia elliptica, Ageratina paucibracteata, y Clidemia umbellata. En el estrato herbáceo, con un 100% de cobertura, son más abundantes Schizachyrium gracile, Lycopodiella cernua, Sticherus bifidus, Andropogon bicornis, una especie de Guzmania, otra de Chaptalia, y una capa de musgos. Se observan además Myrsine coriacea, Palicourea alpina, Ilex macfadyenii, Viburnum villosum, Ageratina paucibracteata, Tibouchina longifolia, una especie de Eupatorium s.l., Urena lobata, Coccocypselum herbaceum, Psychotria guadalupensis, Bletia purpurea, Phaius tankervilliae (Orchidaceae), Desmodium incanum y D. triflorum (Fabaceae), Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae), Lycopodium clavatum, Nephrolepis biserrata (Nephrolepidaceae), y Campyloneurum phyllitidis (Polypodiaceae). Pinares con estadio sucesional avanzado Estudiamos estos pinares en áreas destruidas por una crecida catastrófica del Brazo Oeste del río La Plata, tal vez durante el ciclón Flora en 1963. Durante los estadios sucesionales precedentes, fueron entrando las especies de las pluvisilvas circundantes, llegando al estado actual, en el que Pinus maestrensis forma un subestrato arbóreo superior de 80 a 90% de cobertura, y de alrededor de 30 a 35 m de altura. Hay un segundo subestrato arbóreo entre 10 y 16 m de altura y 50 a 60% de cobertura, compuesto exclusivamente de latifolias pertenecientes a las pluvisilvas. Por ello — por su tamaño y composición—tal vez pudiera considerarse este estadio como equivalente a Fiera II–Homeostasis II. La especie más abundante es Chionanthus domingensis. También constantes son Clethra cubensis, Myrsine coriacea, Ocotea leucoxylon, Miconia dodecandra (a veces abundante), M. pteroclada, Ixora ferrea, Brunellia comocladifolia (ocasionalmente abundante), Guatteria moralesii, Dendropanax arboreus, y Alchornea latifolia. Localmente se observan Cinnamomum elongatum, Persea anomala, y Ocotea cuneata (Lauraceae). El estrato arbustivo cubre entre 50 y 70% y las especies constantes son Matayba apetala, Cyathea parvula, C. furfuracea, Viburnum villosum (a veces abundante), Eugenia laeteviridis, Palicourea alpina, y Meriania leucantha var. nana. El estrato herbáceo es variable respecto a la cobertura, pues fluctúa entre 20 y 100%. Las especies constantes y más abundantes son Zeugites americana, Polypodium loriceum (Polypodiaceae), y Begonia cubensis. Son también constantes Oplismenus setarius, Panicum glutinosum, y Clusia grisebachiana y ocasionalmente se encuentran Prunus occidentalis, Asplenium serra, una especie de Peperomia (Piperaceae), Lobelia assurgens var. assurgens, Clidemia umbellata, Garrya fadyena, Graffenrieda rufescens, Psychotria grandis, y Lycopodium clavatum. Las epífitas y las lianas son escasas. De las primeras son constantes Guzmania monostachya y Tillandsia fasciculata y respecto a las segundas se observan ocasionalmente Mikania ranunculifolia (Asteraceae), e Hypolepis nigrescens.

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maestrensis, Piper aduncum, Cyrilla racemiflora, and Cyathea parvula. Other species found include Viburnum villosum, Myrsine coriacea, Clethra cubensis, Lyonia elliptica, Ageratina paucibracteata, and Clidemia umbellata. The herbaceous layer has 100% coverage. Its most abundant species include Schizachyrium gracile, Lycopodiella cernua, Sticherus bifidus, Andropogon bicornis, a species of Guzmania, one Chaptalia, and a layer of mosses. Other species observed are Myrsine coriacea, Palicourea alpina, Ilex macfadyenii, Viburnum villosum, Ageratina paucibracteata, Tibouchina longifolia, a species of Eupatorium s.l., Urena lobata, Coccocypselum herbaceum, Psychotria guadalupensis, Bletia purpurea, Phaius tankervilliae (Orchidaceae), Desmodium incanum and D. triflorum (Fabaceae), Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae), Lycopodium clavatum, Nephrolepis biserrata (Nephrolepidaceae), and Campyloneurum phyllitidis (Polypodiaceae). Advanced successional stage pine forests We studied these pine forests in the areas destroyed by catastrophic flooding of Brazo Oeste of the La Plata River, possibly during Hurricane Flora in 1963. During earlier successional stages, nearby rainforest species began entering the area, reaching their current state in which the upper arboreal sublayer is composed of Pinus maestrensis individuals that cover 80 to 90%, and reach heights of 30 to 35 m. The lower sublayer reaches between 10 and 16 m and covers 50 to 60%. This sublayer is composed exclusively of broadleaf species typical of the rainforest. Because of size and composition of these trees, this stage is considered equivalent to successional stages Fiera II–Homeostasis II. The most abundant species is Chionanthus domingensis. Other constant species include Clethra cubensis, Myrsine coriacea, Ocotea leucoxylon, Miconia dodecandra (at times abundant), M. pteroclada, Ixora ferrea, Brunellia comocladifolia (occasionally abundant), Guatteria moralesii, Dendropanax arboreus, and Alchornea latifolia. Species observed locally are Cinnamomum elongatum, Persea anomala, and Ocotea cuneata (Lauraceae). The shrub layer covers between 50 and 70%; its constant species are Matayba apetala, Cyathea parvula, C. furfuracea, Viburnum villosum (at times abundant), Eugenia laeteviridis, Palicourea alpina, and Meriania leucantha var. nana. The herbaceous layer’s coverage varies, fluctuating between 20 and 100%. Constant and very abundant species are Zeugites americana, Polypodium loriceum (Polypodiaceae), and Begonia cubensis. Other constants include Oplismenus setarius, Panicum glutinosum, and Clusia grisebachiana. Occasionally, Prunus occidentalis, Asplenium serra, a species of Peperomia (Piperaceae), Lobelia assurgens var. assurgens, Clidemia umbellata, Garrya fadyena, Graffenrieda rufescens, Psychotria grandis, and Lycopodium clavatum are found. Epiphytes and lianas are scarce. Constant epiphytes include Guzmania monostachya and Tillandsia fasciculata and occasionally observed lianas are Mikania ranunculifolia (Asteraceae), and Hypolepis nigrescens.

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Apéndice / Appendix 2 Hepáticas/Liverworts

Especies de hepáticas registradas en el Parque Nacional La Bayamesa, Cuba. Compilación por Kesia Mustelier Martínez.

HEPÁTI CAS / LI VERW ORTS

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Endemismo / Endemism

Categoría de amenaza / Category of threat

Adelanthaceae Adelanthus carabayensis (Mont.) Grolle

–

Aneuraceae Aneura pinguis (L.) Dum.

–

Aneura sessilis (Spreng.) Gott.

–

Riccardia digitiloba (Spruce) Pagán

–

Riccardia fendleri (Steph.) Pagán

–

Riccardia fucoidea (Sw.) Schiffn.

–

Riccardia hymenophytoides (Spruce) Meenks

–

Riccardia reyesiana Meenks

–

Riccardia schwacnekei (Steph.) Pagán

–

Riccardia stipatiflora (Steph.) Pagán

–

Riccardia subsimplex (Steph.) Pagán

–

Cephalozia caribbeania Fulford

–

Cephalozia lunulifolia (Dum.) Dum.

–

Nowellia curvifolia (Dicks.) Mitt.

–

Nowellia wrightii (Gott. & Spruce) Steph.

Odontoschisma denudatum (Mont.) Dum.

–

Odontoschisma elongatum (Lindenb.) Evans

–

Aytoniaceae Asterella elegans (Spreng.) Trevis. Calypogeiaceae Calypogeia peruviana Nees & Mont. Cephaloziaceae

Cephaloziellaceae Cephaloziella antillana (Besch. & Spruce) Fulf. Geocalycaceae Heteroscyphus combinatus (Nees) Schiffn.

–

Heteroscyphus elliottii (Steph.) Pagán

–

Leptoscyphus amphibolius (Nees) Grolle

–

Lophocolea bidentata (L.) Dum.

–

Lophocolea connata (Sw.) Nees

–

Lophocolea liebmaniana Gott.

–

Lophocolea martiana Nees

–

Lophocolea muricata (Lehm.) Nees

–

Lophocolea perissodonta (Spruce) Steph.

–

Herbertaceae Herbertus adunca (Dicks.) Steph. Gray

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Apéndice /Appendix 2 Species of liverworts recorded in La Bayamesa National Park, Cuba. Compiled by Kesia Mustelier Martínez.

Hepáticas / Liverworts

LEYENDA / LEGEND H E P Á TIC A S / L IVERW ORTS

Nombre científico/ Scientific name Nombre científico/ Scientific name Jubulaceae Frullania atrata (Sw.) Nees

Endemismo/ Endemism Endemismo/ Endemism –

Categoría de amenaza / Category Categoría de of threat amenaza / Category of threat

Endemismo/Endemism C

= Endémico de Cuba/ Endemic to Cuba

= Endémico de Cuba oriental / Endemic to eastern Cuba

–

Frullania beyrichiana Lehm. & Lindenb.

–

Frullania brasiliensis Raddi

–

Categoría de amenaza/Category of threat (Hallingbäck et al. 1996)

Frullania cobrensis Gott.

–

En = En peligro/ Endangered

Frullania compacta Gott. ex Steph.

–

Frullania crahyrtada Spruce

–

Frullania ericoides (Nees) Mont.

–

Frullania grossiclava Steph.

–

Frullania involuta Hampe ex Steph.

–

Frullania josephinae Gott.

–

Frullania kunzei (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Mont.

–

Frullania lepneurii Loby

–

Frullania obscurvifolia Mitt.

–

Frullania riojanerensis Raddi

–

Frullania spiniloba Steph.

–

Jubula pensilvanica (Steph.) Elois

–

= Vulnerable/Vulnerable

Jungermanniaceae Anastrophyllum donianum (Hook.) Spruce

–

Anastrophyllum gradsteinii Vaña

–

Anastrophyllum piligerum (Nees) Steph.

–

Jungermannia callitrix Lindenb. & Gotts.

–

Jungermannia ovato-trigona (Steph.) Grolle

–

Acanthocoleus aberrans (Lindenb. & Gott.) Kruijt

–

Anoplolejeunea conferta (Meissn.) Schiffn.

–

Aphanolejeunea evansii Herzog

–

Aphanolejeunea verrucosa Jovet-Ast

–

Blepharolejeunea saccata (Steph.) van Slageren

–

Brachiolejeunea phyllorriza (Nees) Kruijt & Gradstein

–

Lejeuneaceae

Ceratolejeunea brevinervis (Spruce) Evans

–

Ceratolejeunea rubiginosa Steph.

–

Cheilolejeunea adnata (Kunze) Grolle

–

Cheilolejeunea oncophylla (Aongstr.) Grolle & Reiner

–

Cheilolejeunea trifaria (Reinw. et al.) Mizut.

–

Cololejeunea cardiocarpa (Nees & Mont.) Schuster

–

Colura callyptrifolia (Hook.) Dum.

–

Colura clavigera Gotts. ex Jovest-Ast

–

Colura tenuicornis (Evans) Steph.

–

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Apéndice / Appendix 2 Hepáticas/Liverworts

HEPÁTI CAS / LI VERW ORTS

Nombre científico / Scientific name

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Endemismo / Endemism

Categoría de amenaza / Category of threat

Crossotolejeunea prionocalyx (Gott. ex Schiffn.) Steph.

–

Cyclolejeunea convexistipa (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Evans

–

Cyclolejeunea luteola (Spruce) Grolle

–

Diplasiolejeunea brunnea Steph.

–

Diplasiolejeunea cavifolia Steph.

–

Diplasiolejeunea johnsonii Evans

–

Diplasiolejeunea pellucida (Meissn.) Schiffn.

–

Diplasiolejeunea rudolphiana Steph.

–

Diplasiolejeunea unidentata (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Schiffn.

–

Drepanolejeunea bidens (Steph.) Evans

–

Drepanolejeunea biocellata Evans

–

Drepanolejeunea crassiretis Evans

–

Drepanolejeunea evansii Bischler

–

Drepanolejeunea fragilis Bischler

–

Drepanolejeunea inchoata (Meissn. ex Lehm.) Schiffn.

–

Drepanolejeunea lichenicola (Spruce) Steph.

–

Drepanolejeunea mosenii (Steph.) Bischler

–

Drepanolejeunea orthophylla (Nees & Mont.) Bischler

–

Drepanolejeunea pinnatiloba Schiffn.

–

Drepanolejeunea trigonophylla Steph.

–

Harpalejeunea subacuta Evans

–

Lejeunea controversa Gottsche

–

Lejeunea flava (Sw.) Nees

–

Lejeunea minutissima Dum.

–

Lejeunea paucidentata (Steph.) Grolle

–

Lejeunea sessiliflora (Steph.) Grolle

–

Lepidolejeunea eluta (Nees) Schiffn.

–

Lepidolejeunea spongia (Spruce) Thiers

–

Leptolejeunea elliptica (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Schiffn.

–

Leptolejeunea exocellata (Spruce) Evans

–

Leucolejeunea xanthocarpa (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Evans

–

Lopholejeunea subfusca (Nees) Schiffn.

–

Macrolejeunea cerina (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Gradstein

–

Marchesinia brachiata (Sw.) Schiffn.

–

Mastigolejeunea auriculata (Wilson) Schiffn.

–

Microlejeunea ulicina (Taylor) Grolle

–

Microlejeunea ulicina (Taylor) Grolle subsp. bullata (Tayl.) Schust.

–

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Apéndice /Appendix 2 Hepáticas / Liverworts

LEYENDA / LEGEND H E P Á TIC A S / L IVERW ORTS

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Endemismo / Endemism

Categoría de amenaza / Category of threat

Odontolejeunea lunulata (Web.) Schiffn.

–

Omphalanthus filiformis (Sw.) Nees

–

Endemismo/Endemism C

= Endémico de Cuba/ Endemic to Cuba

= Endémico de Cuba oriental / Endemic to eastern Cuba

Prionolejeunea aemula (Gott.) Evans

–

Prionolejeunea helleri Evans

–

Categoría de amenaza/Category of threat (Hallingbäck et al. 1996)

Prionolejeunea serrulata Steph.

–

En = En peligro/ Endangered

Pycnolejeunea dentistipula (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Steph.

–

Pycnolejeunea schwaneckei Steph. ex Schiffn.

–

Rectolejeunea berteroana Evans

–

Rectolejeunea flagelliformis Evans

–

Rectolejeunea maxonii Evans

–

Schiffneriolejeunea polycarpa (Nees) Gradstein

–

Stictolejeunea squamata (Willdenow ex Weber) Schiffn.

–

Taxilejeunea eggersiana Steph.

–

Taxilejeunea obtusangula (Spruce) Evans

–

Arachniopsis coactilis Spruce

–

Arachniopsis diacantha (Mont.) Howe

–

Bazzania stolonifera (Sw.) Trevis.

–

Lepidozia patens Lindenb.

–

Lepidozia reptans (Lindenb.) Dum.

–

= Vulnerable/Vulnerable

Lepidoziaceae

Microlepidozia sylvatica Evans

–

Microlepidozia verrucosa (Steph.) Fulford

–

Micropterygium pterygophyllum (Nees) Trevis.

–

Micropterygium trachyphyllum Reimers

–

Micropterygium trachyphyllum var. brasilensis Reimers

–

Micropterygium trachyphyllum var. cubense Reimers

–

Micropterygium trachyphyllum var. jamaicense Reimers

–

Paracromastigum bifidum (Steph.) Schuster

–

Telaranea nematodes (Gott. ex Austin) Howe

–

Zoopsis antillana Steph.

–

Marchantiaceae Marchantia chenopoda L. Marchantia inflexa Nees & Mont.

–

Marchantia polymorpha L.

–

Metzgeriaceae Metzgeria conjugata Lindenb. Metzgeria crassipilis (Lindenb.) Evans

–

Metzgeria elliottii Steph.

–

Metzgeria furcata (L.) Dum.

–

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HEPÁTI CAS / LI VERW ORTS

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Endemismo / Endemism

Categoría de amenaza / Category of threat

Metzgeria leptomitra Spruce

–

Metzgeria leptoneura Spruce

–

Metzgeria marginata Steph.

–

Symphyogyna apiculispina Steph.

–

Symphyogyna brasiliensis Nees & Mont.

–

Symphyogyna brogniarti Mont.

–

Symphyogyna digitisquama Steph.

–

Symphyogyna rubritincta Evans

–

Symphyogyna sinuata (Sw.) Nees & Mont.

–

Radula antillana Steph.

–

Radula boryana (Web.) Nees

–

Radula complanata Steph.

–

Monocleaceae Monoclea gottschei Lindenberg Pallaviciniaceae

Plagiochilaceae Plagiochila adiantoides (Sw.) Dum. Radulaceae

Radula cubensis Yamada

–

Radula evansii Castle

–

Radula flaccida Lindenb. & Gott.

–

Radula floridana Castle

–

Radula inflexa Gott. & Steph.

–

Radula kegelii Gott. & Steph.

–

Radula korthalsii Steph.

–

Radula mexicana Steph.

–

Radula pallens Steph.

–

Radula pocsii Yamada

Radula portoricensis Steph.

–

Radula pseudostachya Spruce

–

Radula stenocalyx Lindenb. & Gott.

–

Radula wrightii Castle

–

Trichocolea argentea Herzog

–

Trichocolea elliotii Steph.

–

Trichocolea filicaulis Steph.

–

Trichocolea paraphyllina (Spruce) Steph.

–

Trichocolea tomentosa (Sw.) Gott.

–

Trichocoleaceae

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Apéndice /Appendix 3 Especies de musgos registrados en el Parque Nacional La Bayamesa, Cuba. Compilado por Ángel Motito Marín y María Elena Potrony Hechavarría./ Species of mosses recorded in La Bayamesa National Park, Cuba. Compiled by Ángel Motito Marín and María Elena Potrony Hechavarría.

LEYENDA/LEGEND

MU S G O S / MO S S ES

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Musgos / Mosses

Endemismo/ Endemism

Categoría de amenaza / Category of threat

Endemismo/Endemism O

= Endémico de Cuba oriental/ Endemic to eastern Cuba

Adelotheciaceae Adelothecium bogotense (Hampe) Mitt.

–

Bartramiaceae

Categoría de amenaza/Category of threat (Hallingbäck et al. 1996, 1998; CAMP 1998)

Breutelia jamaicensis (Mitt.) Jaeg.

–

Breutelia scoparia (Schwaegr.) Jaeg.

–

Breutelia tomentosa (Brid.) Jaeg. & Sauerb.

–

En = En peligro/ Endangered

Leiomela bartramioides (Hook.) Par.

–

Philonotis uncinata (Schwaegr.) Brid. var. uncinata

–

Eurhynchium clinocarpum (Tayl.) Par.

–

Palamocladium leskeiodes (Hook.) Britt.

–

Rhynchostegium serrulatum (Hedw.) Jaeg. & Sauerb.

–

= En peligro crítico/Critically endangered

= Vulnerable/Vulnerable

Brachytheciaceae

Bruchiaceae Trematodon longicollis Michx. Bryaceae Brachymenium speciosum (Hook. f. & Wils.) Steere

–

Brachymenium wrightii (Sull.) Broth.

–

Epipterygium wrightii (Sull.) Lindb.

–

Pohlia papillosa (C. Müll. ex Jaeg.) Broth.

–

Syrrhopodon elongatus Sull. var. elongatus

–

Syrrhopodon gaudichaudii Mont.

–

Syrrhopodon incompletus Schwaegr. var. incompletus

–

Syrrhopodon lycopodioides (Brid.) C. Müll.

–

Syrrhopodon prolifer Schwaegr. var. prolifer

–

Syrrhopodon prolifer Schwaegr. var. tenuifolius (Sull.) Reese

–

Daltonia longifolia Tayl.

–

Leskeodon cubensis (Mitt.) Thér.

–

Calymperaceae

Daltoniaceae

Dicranaceae Aongstroemia jamaicensis C. Müll.

–

Bryohumbertia filifolia (Hornsch.) Frahm var. filifolia

–

Campylopus cubensis Sull.

–

Campylopus cygneus (Hedw.) Brid.

–

Campylopus flexuosus (Hedw.) Brid. var. flexuosus

–

Campylopus fragilis (Brid.) B.S.G. subsp. fragilis

–

Campylopus nivalis (Brid.) Brid. var. nivales

–

Campylopus saxatilis Wils.

–

Campylopus shawii Williams

–

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Apéndice / Appendix 3 Musgos/Mosses

M USGOS / M OSSES

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Endemismo/ Endemism

Categoría de amenaza / Category of threat

Dicranella hilariana (Mont.) Mitt.

–

Dicranella hioramii (Thér.) Duarte var. hioramii

–

Dicranella vaginata (Hook.) Card.

–

Holomitrium calycinum (Hedw.) Mitt.

–

Holomitrium terebellatum C. Müll.

–

Leucoloma albulum (Sull.) Jaeg.

–

Leucoloma cruegerianum (C.Müll.) Jaeg. & Sauerb.

–

Leucoloma mariei Besch.

–

Leucoloma schwaneckeanum (Hampe) Broth.

–

Leucoloma serrulatum Brid.

–

Paraleucobryum albicans (Schwaegr.) Loeske

–

Ditrichaceae Ditrichum rufescens (Hampe) Hampe Fissidentaceae Fissidens asplenioides Hedw.

–

Fissidens elegans Brid.

–

Fissidens fontanus (B.-Pyl.) Steud.

–

Fissidens inaequalis Mitt.

–

Fissidens intermedius C. Müll.

–

Fissidens petrophilus Sull.

–

Fissidens polypodioides Hedw.

–

Fissidens prionodes Mont.

–

Fissidens radicans Mont.

–

Fissidens zollingeri Mont.

–

Chryso-hypnum diminutivum (Hampe) Buck

–

Ectropothecium leptochaeton (Schwaegr.) Buck

–

Hypnum polypterum (Mitt.) Broth.

–

Funariaceae Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. var. calvescens (Schwaegr.) Mont. Hookeriaceae Hookeria acutifolia Hook. & Grev. Hypnaceae

Mittenothamnium reptans (Hedw.) Card.

–

Vesicularia vesicularis (Schwaegr.) Broth. var. vesicularis

–

Hypopterygiaceae Hypopterygium tamariscinum (Hedw.) Brid. Lembophyllaceae

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Orthostichella hexasticha (Schwaegr.) Buck

–

Orthostichella pentasticha (Brid.) Buck

–

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Apéndice /Appendix 3 Musgos / Mosses

LEYENDA/LEGEND

MU S G O S / MO S S ES

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Endemismo/ Endemism

Categoría de amenaza / Category of threat

Pilotrichella cuspidans Ren. & Card.

–

Pilotrichella flexilis (Hedw.) Aongstr.

–

Squamidium leucotrichum (Tayl.) Broth.

–

Squamidium nigricans (Tayl.) Broth.

–

Leucobryum antillarum Schimp.

–

Leucobryum crispum C. Müll.

–

Leucobryum giganteum C. Müll.

–

Leucobryum martianum (Hornsch.) Hampe

–

Leucobryum polakowskyi (C. Müll.) Card.

–

Octoblepharum cocuiense Mitt.

–

Octoblepharum erectifolium Mitt. ex Williams

–

Macromitrium cirrosum (Hedw.) Brid. var. cirrosum

–

Macromitrium cirrosum (Hedw.) Brid. var. jamaicense (Mitt.) Grout

–

Macromitrium cirrosum (Hedw.) Brid. var. stenophyllum (Mitt.) Grout

–

Macromitrium harrisii Par.

–

Macromitrium microstomum (Hook. & Grev.) Schwaegr.

–

Macromitrium scoparium Mitt.

–

Schlotheimia torquata (Hedw.) Brid.

–

Lepyrodontopsis trichophylla (Hedw.) Broth.

–

Meteoridium remotifolium (C. Müll.) Mann.

–

Meteorium deppei (C. Müll.) Mitt.

–

Toloxis imponderosa (Tayl.) Buck

–

Zelometeorium patulum (Hedw.) Manuel

–

Homalia glabella (Hedw.) B.S.G.

–

Homaliodendron flabellatum (Sm.) Fleisch.

–

Isodrepanium lentulum (Wils.) Britt.

–

Endemismo/Endemism O

Categoría de amenaza/Category of threat (Hallingbäck et al. 1996, 1998; CAMP 1998) Cr

Leskeaceae Haplocladium microphyllum (Hedw.) Broth. Leucobryaceae Leucobryum albidum (Brid. ex P. Beauv.) Lindb.

= Endémico de Cuba oriental/ Endemic to eastern Cuba

= En peligro crítico/Critically endangered

En = En peligro/ Endangered Vu

= Vulnerable/Vulnerable

Leucomiaceae Rhynchostegiopsis flexuosa (Sull.) C. Müll. Macromitriaceae

Meteoriaceae

Mniaceae Plagiomnium rhynchophorum (Hook.) T. Kop. Neckeraceae

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Apéndice / Appendix 3 Musgos/Mosses

M USGOS / M OSSES

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Endemismo/ Endemism

Categoría de amenaza / Category of threat

Neckeropsis undulata (Hedw.) Reichardt

–

Porotrichum korthalsianum (Dozy & Molk.) Mitt.

–

Porotrichum mutabile Hampe

–

Thamnobryum fasciculatum (Hedw.) I. Sastre

–

Callicostella depressa (Hedw.) Jaeg.

–

Callicostella pallida (Hornsch.) Angstr.

–

Cyclodictyon albicans (Hedw.) Kuntze

–

Cyclodictyon subtortifolium (Bartr.) Buck

–

Cyclodictyon varians (Sull.) Kuntze

–

Hookeriopsis luteo-rufescens (Besch.) Jaeg.

–

Lepidopilum amplirete (Sull.) Mitt.

–

Lepidopilum longifolium Hampe

–

Lepidopilum polytrichoides (Hedw.) Brid.

–

Lepidopilum scabrisetum (Schwaegr.) Steere

–

Pilotrichidium antillarum Besch.

–

Phyllogoniaceae Phyllogonium fulgens (Hedw.) Brid. Pilotrichaceae

Pilotrichum affine (Hook.) Brid.

–

Stenodictyon pallidum Britt. ex Crum & Steere

–

Thamniopsis incurva (Hornsch.) Buck

–

Thamniopsis undata (Hedw.) Buck

–

Trachyxiphium guadalupense (Brid.) Buck

–

Atrichum androgynum (C. Müll.) Jaeg.

–

Atrichum angustatum (Brid.) B.S.G.

–

Pogonatum subflexuosum (Lor.) Broth.

–

Pogonatum tortile (Sw.) Brid.

–

Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw.

–

Polytrichaceae

Pterobryaceae Orthostichopsis tetragona (Sw. ex Hedw.) Broth.

–

Pireella filicina (Hedw.) Card.

–

Pireella pycnothallodes (C. Müll.) Fleisch.

–

Racopilaceae Racopilum tomentosum (Hedw.) Brid. Rhizogoniaceae Pyrrhobryum spiniforme (Hedw.) Mitt. Sematophyllaceae Acroporium caespitosum (Hedw.) Buck

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Apéndice /Appendix 3 Musgos / Mosses

LEYENDA/LEGEND

MU S G O S / MO S S ES

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Endemismo/ Endemism

Categoría de amenaza / Category of threat

Endemismo/Endemism O

= Endémico de Cuba oriental/ Endemic to eastern Cuba

Acroporium estrellae (C. Müll.) Buck

–

Acroporium longirostre (Brid.) Buck

–

Acroporium pungens (Hedw.) Broth.

–

Aptychella proligera (Broth.) Herz.

–

Rhaphidostichum acestrostegium (Sull.) Buck

–

Rhaphidostichum schwaneckeanum (C. Müll.) Broth.

–

En = En peligro/ Endangered

Sematophyllum cuspidiferum Mitt.

–

Sematophyllum galipense (C. Müll.) Mitt.

–

Sematophyllum subsimplex (Hedw.) Mitt.

–

Sematophyllum swartzii (Schwaegr.) Welch & Crum

–

Entodontopsis leucostega (Brid.) Buck & Irel.

–

Eulacophyllum cultelliforme (Sull.) Buck

–

Categoría de amenaza/Category of threat (Hallingbäck et al. 1996, 1998; CAMP 1998) Cr

= En peligro crítico/Critically endangered

= Vulnerable/Vulnerable

Sphagnaceae Sphagnum meridense (Hampe) C. Müll. Stereophyllaceae

Thuidiaceae Cyrto-hypnum involvens (Hedw.) Buck & Crum

–

Cyrto-hypnum minutulum (Hedw.) Buck & Crum

–

Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G. var. delicatulum

–

Thuidium urceolatum Lor.

–

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Apéndice / Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines / Ferns and Fern Relatives

Especies de helechos y plantas afines registrados en el Parque Nacional La Bayamesa, Cuba. Compilado por Manuel G. Caluff y Gustavo Shelton./Ferns and fern relatives recorded in La Bayamesa National Park, Cuba. Compiled by Manuel G. Caluff and Gustavo Shelton.

HELECHOS Y PLAN TA S A FI N E S / FE RN S A N D FE RN RE LATI VE S

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus / Status

Abundancia relativa/ Relative abundance

Aspleniaceae 001

Asplenium abscissum Willd.

002

–

Asplenium alatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

Candi

003

Asplenium auriculatum S .

–

004

Asplenium cristatum Lam.

–

005

Asplenium dentatum L

–

006

Asplenium dimidiatum S .

–

007

Asplenium diplosceum Hieron.

–

008

Asplenium dissectum Sw.

Candi

009

Asplenium erosum L.

–

010

Asplenium erosum x A. serra

Candi, Posib

011

Asplenium feei Kunz. ex Fée

–

012

Asplenium formosum Willd.

–

013

Asplenium jenmanii Proctor

–

014

Asplenium juglandifolium Lam.

–

015

Asplenium laetum S .

–

016

Asplenium monodon Liebm.

–

017

Asplenium praemorsum S .

–

018

Asplenium pteropus Kaulf.*

–

019

Asplenium radicans L. var. radicans

–

020

Asplenium radicans L. var. partitum (Klotz.) Hieron.

–

021

Asplenium radicans L. var. tripinnatum (Hieron.) Proctor

–

022

Asplenium rhomboidale Desv.

Candi

023

Asplenium salicifolium L.

–

024

Asplenium serra Langsd. & Fisch.

–

025

Asplenium serra Langsd. & Fisch. var. wodwardioeum (Gardn.) T. Moore

Candi

026

Asplenium serratum L.

–

027

Hemidictyum marginatum (L.) C. Presl

–

w . w

w w

Blechnaceae

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028

Blechnum fragile (Liebm.) Morton & Lellinger

–

029

Blechnum glandulossum Kaulf.

–

030

Blechnum gracile Kaulf.

Amena

031

Blechnum jamaicense (Broadh.) C. Chr.

–

032

Blechnum lherminieri (Bory) C. Chr.

Amena

033

Blechnum lineatum (Sw.) C. Chr.

–

034

Blechnum occidentale L.

–

035

Blechnum polypodioides Raddi

Amena

036

Blechnum shaferii (Broadh.) C. Chr.

Amena

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

S S

Apéndice /Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines/ Ferns and Fern Relatives

LEYENDA/LEGEND *

Tipos de vegetación / Vegetation types

= Registro nuevo para el Parque / New record for the Park

** = Registro nuevo para la Región Oriental de Cuba/New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

001

–g

–

002

–

–m

–

003

–m

–

004

–g

–

005

–g

–

006

–g

–

007

–m

–

008

–

–n

–

009

–

010

–

011

–g

–

012

–g

–

013

–g

–

–s

–

014

–

015

–g

–

016

–g

–

017

–m

–

018

–m

–

019

–

020

–

021

–

022

–g

–

023

–

024

–

b m

–n

–

025

–

–n

–

*** = Registro nuevo para Cuba / New record for Cuba Estatus/Status (Sánchez y/and Caluff 1997; Caluff y/and Shelton, ined. ) Amena = Especie amenazada ya categorizada/Listed as a threatened species Candi = Especie canditada a la categorización/Species proposed to be listed as a threatened species Endem = Endémica de Cuba / Endemic to Cuba Intro

= Especie no nativa, introducida en Cuba/Non-native, introduced species to Cuba

Posib

= Posible endémica de Cuba / Possibly endemic to Cuba

Abundancia relativa/Relative abundance MR = Muy rara, no vista o colectada en años recientes/Very rare, not seen or collected in recent years RA = Rara, vista o colectada recientemente, 1 a 3 veces / Rare but seen or collected recently, 1-3 times ES = Esporádica, vista o colectada ocasionalmente/Sporadic, seen or collected occasionally FR = Frecuente, vista a menudo, pero no común/Frequent, seen regularly, but not common CO = Común/ Common

026

–

–s

–

Tipos de vegetación/Vegetation types

027

–

bg = Bosque de galería/Gallery forest

028

–

029

–m

–

–s

–

030

–

–m

–

031

–g

–

032

–

–n

–

033

–

b m

–n

–

034

–

035

–

036

–

–n

–

bm = Bosque pluvial montano / Mountain rainforest bn = Bosque nublado/Cloud forest bp = Bosque de pinos (Pinar) / Pine forest bs = Bosque siempreverde/ Evergreen forest ru = Vegetación ruderal/ Ruderal (open ground and roadside) vegetation se = Vegetación segetal/Segetal vegetation (in old cropland and plantations) vs = Vegetación secundaria / Secondary vegetation

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

173

Apéndice / Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines / Ferns and Fern Relatives

HELECHOS Y PLAN TA S A FI N E S / FE RN S A N D FE RN RE LATI VE S

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus / Status

Abundancia relativa/ Relative abundance

Cyatheaceae 037

Alsophila balanocarpa (D.C. Eaton) Conant

Endem

038

Alsophila cubensis (Maxon) Caluff & Shelton

Endem

CO CO

039

Alsophila major Caluff & Shelton

–

040

Alsophila woodwardioides Kaulf.

–

041

Alsophila x boytelii Caluff & Shelton

Amena, Endem

042

Alsophila x medinae Caluff & Shelton**

Candi, Endem

043

Cnemidaria horrida (L.) C. Presl

–

044

Cyathea arborea (L.) J. Sm.

–

045

Cyathea armata (Sw.) Domin

–

046

Cyathea aspera (L.) Sw.

–

047

Cyathea caracasana (Klotz.) Domin

Amena

048

Cyathea furfuracea Baker

–

049

Cyathea microdonta (Desv.) Domin

Amena

050

Cyathea parvula (Jenm.) Domin

–

051

Cyathea strigillosa (Maxon) Sánchez & Caluff

Amena, Endem

052

Cyathea x calolepis (D.C. Eat. ex Hook.) Domin

Endem

053

Cyathea x wilsonii (Hook.) Domin

–

054

Sphaeropteris insignis D.C. Eat.

–

Dennstaedtiaceae 055

Dennstaedtia arborescens (Willd.) Ekman ex Maxon

Candi

056

Dennstaedtia bipinnata (Cav.) Maxon

–

057

Dennstaedtia cicutaria (Sw.) T. Moore

–

058

Dennstaedtia globulifera (Poir.) Hieron.

–

059

Dennstaedtia obtusifolia (Willd.) T. Moore

–

060

Hypolepis nigrescens Hook.

–

061

Hypolepis repens (L.) C. Pre l

062

Lonchitis hirsuta L.

063

Paesia glandulosa (Sw.) Kuhn

Candi

064

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Brade

–

065

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. caudatum (L.) Sadeb.

–

Dryopteridaceae

174

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

066

Arachniodes denticulata (Sw.) Ching

–

067

Arachniodes formosa Fée

Candi, Endem

068

Arachniodes lurida (Jenm. ex Underw. & Maxon) Proctor

–

069

Arachniodes sp.

Endem

070

Ctenitis pulverulenta (Poir.) Copel.

–

071

Ctenitis subincisa (Willd.) Ching

–

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines/ Ferns and Fern Relatives

LEYENDA/LEGEND *

Tipos de vegetación / Vegetation types

= Registro nuevo para el Parque / New record for the Park

** = Registro nuevo para la Región Oriental de Cuba/New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

037 001

–

038 002

–

039 003

–

b m

–n

–

040 004

–

b m

–n

–

041 005

–g

–

042

–g

–

006 043

–

007 044

–

008 045

–p

–

009 046

–m

–

010 047

–g

–

011 048

–

b m

–n

–

012 049

–

–p

–

013 050

–

014 051

–

015 052

–

016 053

–g

–

017 054

–

018

= Especie no nativa, introducida en Cuba/Non-native, introduced species to Cuba

Posib

= Posible endémica de Cuba / Possibly endemic to Cuba

019 055

–

020 056

–g

–

021 057

–

–s

022 058

–g

–

–s

–

023 059

–m

–

024 060

–

025 061

–

–m

–

026 062

–

027 063

–

–n

–

Tipos de vegetación/Vegetation types

029 064

–

bg = Bosque de galería/Gallery forest

030 065 031

–

ES = Esporádica, vista o colectada ocasionalmente/Sporadic, seen or collected occasionally FR = Frecuente, vista a menudo, pero no común/Frequent, seen regularly, but not common CO = Común/ Common

bm = Bosque pluvial montano / Mountain rainforest bn = Bosque nublado/Cloud forest bp = Bosque de pinos (Pinar) / Pine forest

066

–

–n

–

067

–

068

–g

–

ru = Vegetación ruderal/ Ruderal (open ground and roadside) vegetation

069

–

070

–g

–

se = Vegetación segetal/Segetal vegetation (in old cropland and plantations)

071

–g

–

bs = Bosque siempreverde/ Evergreen forest

vs = Vegetación secundaria / Secondary vegetation

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

175

Apéndice / Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines / Ferns and Fern Relatives

HELECHOS Y PLAN TA S A FI N E S / FE RN S A N D FE RN RE LATI VE S

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus / Status

Abundancia relativa/ Relative abundance

072

Cyclopeltis semicordata (Sw.) J. Sm.

–

073

Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw.) J. Sm.

–

074

Diplazium altissimum (Jenm.) C. Chr.

–

075

Diplazium arboreum (Willd.) C. Presl

–

076

Diplazium centripetale (Baker) Maxon

–

077

Diplazium cristatum (Desrr.) Alston

–

078

Diplazium expansum Willd.

–

079

Diplazium fuertesii Brause

–

080

Diplazium grandifolium (Sw. S .

–

081

Diplazium hastile (Chr.) C. Chr.

–

082

Diplazium lherminierii Hieron.

–

083

Diplazium striatastrum Lellinger

–

084

Diplazium striatum (L.) C. Presl

–

085

Diplazium unilobum (Poir.) Hieron

–

086

Diplazium sp. 1

Candi, Posib

087

Diplazium sp. 2

–

088

Diplazium sp. 3

–

089

Fadyenia hookerii (Sweet) Maxon

–

090

Lastreopsis effusa (Sw.) Tindale subsp. confinis (C. Chr.) Tindale

–

091

Olfersia cervina (L.) Kze.

–

092

Polybotrya osmundacea Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

–

093

Polystichum ilicifolium Fée

Endem

094

Polystichum viviparum Fée

Amena, Endem

095

Polystichum sp

–

096

Rumohra adiantiformis (G. Foster) Ching

Amena

097

Stigmatopteris hemiptera (Maxon) C. Christ

Endem

098

Tectaria heracleifolia (Willd.) Underw.

–

099

Tectaria incisa Cav.

–

Amena

) w

R R

Equisetaceae 100

Equisetum giganteum L.

Gleicheniaceae

176

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

101

Dicranopteris flexuosa (Shrad.) Underw.

–

102

Dicranopteris pectinata (Willd.) Underw.

–

103

Diplopterygium bancrofftii (Hook.) A.R. Sm.

–

104

Sticherus bifidus (Willd.) Ching

–

105

Sticherus furcatus (L.) Underw.

–

106

Sticherus jamaicensis (Underw.) Nakai

–

107

Sticherus palmatus (Shaffn. ex Underw.) Copel.

–

108

Sticherus x leonis (Maxon) C. Chr.

Endem

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines/ Ferns and Fern Relatives

LEYENDA/LEGEND *

Tipos de vegetación / Vegetation types 072

–g

–

073 001

–m

–

– –

074 002

–g

–

075 003

–g

–

076 004

–m

–

077 005

–g

–

= Registro nuevo para el Parque / New record for the Park

078

–m

–

006 079

–m

–

007 080

–

008 081

–

009 082

–

–m

–

010 083

–m

–

–s

–

011 084

–m

–

–s

–

012 085

–m

–

–s

–

013 086

–g

–

014 087

–

015 088

–

016 089

–g

–

017 090

–m

–

–s

–

091 019

–m

–

092 020

–m

–

093 021

–

094 022

–m

–

095 023

–

–m

–

096 024

–g

–

097 025

–m

–

FR = Frecuente, vista a menudo, pero no común/Frequent, seen regularly, but not common

098 026

–

–s

CO = Común/ Common

099 027

–

Tipos de vegetación/Vegetation types

–

101

–

102

–

–p

–

103

–

–p

–

104

–

–p

–

105

–

–p

–

106

–

107

–

108

–

018

Endem = Endémica de Cuba / Endemic to Cuba Intro

= Especie no nativa, introducida en Cuba/Non-native, introduced species to Cuba

Posib

= Posible endémica de Cuba / Possibly endemic to Cuba

bg = Bosque de galería/Gallery forest

029 100 030

Candi = Especie canditada a la categorización/Species proposed to be listed as a threatened species

031

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

177

Apéndice / Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines / Ferns and Fern Relatives

HELECHOS Y PLAN TA S A FI N E S / FE RN S A N D FE RN RE LATI VE S

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus / Status

Abundancia relativa/ Relative abundance

Grammitidaceae (Grammitis subg. Cochlidium) 109

Grammitis minor (Jenm.) Proctor

–

110

Grammitis rostrata (Hook.) R.M. & A. Tryon

–

111

Grammitis serrulata (Sw.) Sw.

–

(Grammitis subg. Cryptosorus) 112

Grammitis asplenifolia (L.) Proctor

–

113

Grammitis calva (Maxon) Copel.

Endem

114

Grammitis curvata (Sw.) Ching

–

115

Grammitis delitescens (Maxon) Proctor

–

116

Grammitis hartii (Jenman) Proctor

–

117

Grammitis mollissima (Fée) Proctor

–

118

Grammitis mortonii (Copel.) Lellinger

–

119

Grammitis myosuroides (Sw.) Sw.

–

120

Grammitis nimbata (Jenm.) Proctor

–

121

Grammitis sherringii (Baker) Proctor

–

122

Grammitis suspensa (L.) Proctor

–

123

Grammitis trichomanoides (Sw.) Ching

–

124

Grammitis xiphopteroides (Liebm.) A.R. Sm.

–

125

Grammitis sp. 1

–

126

Grammitis sp. 2

–

127

Grammitis sp. 3

–

(Grammitis subg. Gliphotaenium) 128

Grammitis trifurcata ( L.) Copel.

Candi

129

Grammitis turquina (Maxon) Copel.

–

(Grammitis subg. Grammitis) 130

Grammitis limbata Fée

Hymenophyllaceae (Hymenophyllum subg. Hymenophyllum) 131

Hymenophyllum fucoides (Sw.) Sw.

(Hymenophyllum subg. Mecodium) 132

Hymenophyllum abruptum Hook.

133

Hymenophyllum asplenioides (Sw.) Sw.

–

134

Hymenophyllum axillare Sw.

Candi

135

Hymenophyllum paucicarpum Jenm.

Candi

136

Hymenophyllum polyanthos (Sw.) Sw.

–

137

Hymenophyllum undulatum (Sw.) Sw.

–

(Hymenophyllum subg. Sphaerocionium)

178

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

138

Hymenophyllum hirsutum (L.) Sw.

–

139

Hymenophyllum hirtellum Sw.

Amena

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines/ Ferns and Fern Relatives

LEYENDA/LEGEND *

Tipos de vegetación / Vegetation types

** = Registro nuevo para la Región Oriental de Cuba/New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

001 109 002

–

b m

–n

–

110 003

–

b m

–n

–

111 004

b m

–n

–

005 112

b m

–n

–

006 113

–

–n

–

007 114

–

–n

–

008 115

–

009 116

–

–n

–

010 117

b m

–n

–

011 118

–

–m

–

012 119

–

–n

–

013 120

–

–m

–

014 121

–

015 122

–

016 123

–

–n

–

017 124

–

b m

–n

–

018 125

–

019 126

–

–n

–

020 127

–

–n

–

022 128

–

–n

–

023 129

–

–n

–

–n

–

021

024 025 130

= Especie no nativa, introducida en Cuba/Non-native, introduced species to Cuba

Posib

= Posible endémica de Cuba / Possibly endemic to Cuba

026

Tipos de vegetación/Vegetation types

027 029 131

= Registro nuevo para el Parque / New record for the Park

–

bg = Bosque de galería/Gallery forest bm = Bosque pluvial montano / Mountain rainforest

030 031 132

b m

–n

–

133

–

–n

–

134

–

–n

–

135

–

b m

–n

–

136

b m

–n

–

137

b m

–n

–

ru = Vegetación ruderal/ Ruderal (open ground and roadside) vegetation

138

–

se = Vegetación segetal/Segetal vegetation (in old cropland and plantations)

139

–g

–

bn = Bosque nublado/Cloud forest bp = Bosque de pinos (Pinar) / Pine forest bs = Bosque siempreverde/ Evergreen forest

vs = Vegetación secundaria / Secondary vegetation

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

179

Apéndice / Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines / Ferns and Fern Relatives

HELECHOS Y PLAN TA S A FI N E S / FE RN S A N D FE RN RE LATI VE S

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus / Status

Abundancia relativa/ Relative abundance

140

Hymenophyllum lanatum Fée

–

141

Hymenophyllum microcarpum Desv.

–

142

Hymenophyllum proctoris C. Sánchez

–

143

Hymenophyllum sericeum (Sw.) Sw.

–

144

Hymenophyllum turquinense C. Sánchez

Amena, Endem

(Trichomanes subg. Didymoglossum) 145

Trichomanes angustifrons (Fée) W. Boer

–

146

Trichomanes hookerii C. Presl

–

147

Trichomanes krausii Hook. & Grev.

–

148

Trichomanes lineolatum (Bosch) Hook.

–

149

Trichomanes membranaceum L

–

150

Trichomanes punctatum Poir. subsp. sphenoides (Kunze) W. Boer

–

ES FR

(Trichomanes subg. Pachychaetum) 151

Trichomanes rigidum Sw.

(Trichomanes subg. Trichomanes) 152

Trichomanes alatum Sw.

–

153

Trichomanes crispum L.

–

154

Trichomanes polypodioides L.

–

155

Trichomanes robustum Fourn.

–

(Trichomanes subg. Vandenboschia) 156

Trichomanes angustatum Carmich.

–

157

Trichomanes capillaceum L.

–

158

Trichomanes hymenophylloides Bosch

–

159

Trichomanes pyxidiferum L

–

160

Trichomanes radicans S .

–

161

Trichomanes scandens L.

–

. w

R R

Lindsaeaceae 162

Lindsaea lancea (L.) Bedd. var. lancea

–

163

Odontosoria aculeata (L.) J. Sm.

–

164

Odontosoria jenmanii Maxon

–

165

Odontosoria scandens (Desv.) C. Chr.

–

166

Odontosoria wrightiana Maxon

Endem

167

Saccoloma domingense (Spreng.) C. Chr.

–

168

Saccoloma inaequale (Kunze) Mett.

–

Lomariopsidaceae

180

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

169

Bolbitis aliena (Sw.) Alston

–

170

Bolbitis pergamentacea (Maxon) Ching

–

171

Bolbitis portoricensis (Spreng.) Hennip.

–

172

Elaphoglossum apodum (Kaulf.) Schott ex J. Sm.

–

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines/ Ferns and Fern Relatives

LEYENDA/LEGEND *

Tipos de vegetación / Vegetation types 140

–g

–n

–

141 001

–m

–

– –

142 002

–

–n

–

143 003

–

b m

–n

–

144 004

–

–n

–

005 145

–g

–

006 146

–g

–

007 147

b m

–n

–

008 148

–

–s

–

009 149

–g

–

010 150

–g

–

b m

–n

–

152 015

b m

–n

–

153 016

–

b m

–n

–

154 017

–

155 018

–

156 020

b m

–n

–

157 021

–

158 022

b m

–n

–

159 023

–g

–

160 024

–g

–

161 025

–

= Registro nuevo para el Parque / New record for the Park

** = Registro nuevo para la Región Oriental de Cuba/New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba *** = Registro nuevo para Cuba / New record for Cuba Estatus/Status (Sánchez y/and Caluff 1997; Caluff y/and Shelton, ined. ) Amena = Especie amenazada ya categorizada/Listed as a threatened species Candi = Especie canditada a la categorización/Species proposed to be listed as a threatened species Endem = Endémica de Cuba / Endemic to Cuba Intro

= Especie no nativa, introducida en Cuba/Non-native, introduced species to Cuba

–

Posib

= Posible endémica de Cuba / Possibly endemic to Cuba

–

Abundancia relativa/Relative abundance

–

MR = Muy rara, no vista o colectada en años recientes/Very rare, not seen or collected in recent years

011 012 151 013 014

019

RA = Rara, vista o colectada recientemente, 1 a 3 veces / Rare but seen or collected recently, 1-3 times ES = Esporádica, vista o colectada ocasionalmente/Sporadic, seen or collected occasionally FR = Frecuente, vista a menudo, pero no común/Frequent, seen regularly, but not common CO = Común/ Common

026 162 027

–

–m

–

Tipos de vegetación/Vegetation types

163 029

–

bg = Bosque de galería/Gallery forest

164 030

–

165 031

–

b m

–n

–

bm = Bosque pluvial montano / Mountain rainforest

166

–

167

–m

–

168

–m

–

169

–g

–

170

–g

–

–s

–

171

–g

–

172

b m

–n

–

bn = Bosque nublado/Cloud forest bp = Bosque de pinos (Pinar) / Pine forest bs = Bosque siempreverde/ Evergreen forest ru = Vegetación ruderal/ Ruderal (open ground and roadside) vegetation se = Vegetación segetal/Segetal vegetation (in old cropland and plantations) vs = Vegetación secundaria / Secondary vegetation

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

181

Apéndice / Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines / Ferns and Fern Relatives

HELECHOS Y PLAN TA S A FI N E S / FE RN S A N D FE RN RE LATI VE S

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus / Status

Abundancia relativa/ Relative abundance

173

Elaphoglossum chartaceum (Baker ex Jenm.) C. Chr.

–

174

Elaphoglossum crinitum (L.) Chr.

–

175

Elaphoglossum cubense (Mett. ex Kuhn) C. Chr.

–

176

Elaphoglossum decoratum (Kunze) T. Moore

Amena

177

Elaphoglossum eggersii (Baker) Chr.

–

178

Elaphoglossum erinaceum (Feé) T. Moore

–

179

Elaphoglossum glabellum J. Sm.

–

180

Elaphoglossum herminierii (Bory & Fée) T. Moore

–

181

Elaphoglossum inaequalifolium (Jenman) C. Chr.

–

182

Elaphoglossum latifolium (Sw.) J. Sm.

–

183

Elaphoglossum maxonii L.M. Underw. ex Morton

–

184

Elaphoglossum muscosum (Sw.) T. Moore

–

185

Elaphoglossum paleaceum (Hook. & Grev.) Sledge

–

186

Elaphoglossum palmerii Underw. & Maxon

–

187

Elaphoglossum petiolatum (Sw.) Urban.

–

188

Elaphoglossum procurrens (Mett.) T. Moore

–

189

Elaphoglossum revolutum (Liebm.) T. Moore

–

190

Elaphoglossum simplex (Sw.) Schott ex J. Sm.

–

191

Elaphoglossum sphatulatum (Bory) T. Moore

–

192

Elaphoglossum sp. 1

Posib

193

Elaphoglossum sp 2

–

194

Elaphoglossum sp 3

–

195

Lomagramma guianense (Aubl.) Ching

Amena

196

Lomariopsis underwoodii Holttum

–

197

Lomariopsis Wrightii Mett.

Endem

198

Peltapteris peltata (Sw.) Morton

–

Lophosoriaceae 199

Lophosoria quadripinnata (J.F. Gmel.) C. Chr.

Lycopodiaceae

182

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

200

Huperzia acerosa (Sw.) Holub.*

Candi

201

Huperzia dichotoma (Jacq.) Trevis.

–

202

Huperzia funiformis (Spring) Trevis.

–

203

Huperzia linifolia (L.) Trevis.

–

204

Huperzia reflexa (Lam.) Trevis. var. reflexa

–

205

Huperzia reflexa (Lam.) Trevis. var. minor Spring

–

206

Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trev.*

–

207

Huperzia taxifolia (Sw.) Trevis.

–

208

Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic.-Serm.

–

209

Lycopodiella curvata (Sw.) Pic.-Serm.

Candi

210

Lycopodium clavatum L

–

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines/ Ferns and Fern Relatives

LEYENDA/LEGEND *

Tipos de vegetación / Vegetation types 173

b m

–n

–

174 001

–g

–

175 002

–g

–

176 003

–

–m

–

177 004

–m

–

178 005

–g

–

006 180

–g

–

007 181

–

008 182

–

009 183

b m

–n

–

010 184

–g

–

011 185

–

b m

–n

–

012 186

–

013 187

–g

–

014 188

–

015 189

–

016 190

b m

–n

–

017 191

–

018 192

–

019 193

–g

–

020 194

–g

–

021 195

–g

–

022 196

–g

–

023 197

–m

–

024 198

–m

–

–n

–

179

025 026 199

= Registro nuevo para el Parque / New record for the Park

= Especie no nativa, introducida en Cuba/Non-native, introduced species to Cuba

Posib

= Posible endémica de Cuba / Possibly endemic to Cuba

027 029 200

–

bg = Bosque de galería/Gallery forest

030 201

–m

–

bm = Bosque pluvial montano / Mountain rainforest

031 202

–g

–

203

–m

–

204

–

205

–

206

–

–m

–

207

–m

–

208

–

209

–

–p

–

210

–

–p

–

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

183

Apéndice / Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines / Ferns and Fern Relatives

HELECHOS Y PLAN TA S A FI N E S / FE RN S A N D FE RN RE LATI VE S

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus / Status

Abundancia relativa/ Relative abundance

Marattiaceae 211

Danaea elliptica J. Sm.

–

212

Danaea jenmanii Underw.

–

213

Danaea nodosa (L.) J. Sm.

–

214

Danaea urbanii Maxon***

–

215

Danaea wrightii Underw.

–

216

Marattia alata Sw.

–

Nephrolepidaceae 217

Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw. ) Schott

–

218

Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott

–

219

Nephrolepis multiflora (Robx.) Jarret ex Morton

Intro

220

Nephrolepis multiflora f. nov.

Candi, Posib

221

Nephrolepis pectinata (Willd.) Schott

–

222

Nephrolepis rivularis (Vahl.) C. Chr.

–

Oleandraceae 223

Oleandra articulata (Sw.) C. Presl

Ophioglossaceae 224

Botrychium jenmanii Underw.

Amena

225

Ophioglossum harrissii Underw.***

Candi

226

Ophioglossum palmatum L.

–

227

Ophioglossum reticulatum L

–

Candi

Plagiogyriaceae 228

Plagiogyria semicordata (Presl.) Chr.

Polypodiaceae

184

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

229

Campyloneurum angustifolium (Sw.) Fée

–

230

Campyloneurum amphostenon (Kunze ex Klotzs.) Fée

–

231

Campyloneurum cubense F

–

232

Campyloneurum brevifolium (Lodd. ex Link) Link

–

233

Campyloneurum phyllitidis (L.) C. Presl

–

234

Microgramma heterophylla (L.) Wherry

–

235

Microgramma lycopodioides (L.) Copel.

–

236

Microgramma piloselloides (L.) Copel.

–

237

Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger

–

238

Neurodium lanceolatum (L.) Fée

–

239

Pecluma camptophyllaria (Fée) M. Price var. camptophyllaria

–

240

Pecluma camptophyllaria (Fée) M. Price var. lachnifera (Hieron.) A.M. Evans

–

241

Pecluma dispersa (A.M. Evans) M. Price

–

242

Pecluma pectinata (L.) M. Price

–

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines/ Ferns and Fern Relatives

LEYENDA/LEGEND *

Tipos de vegetación / Vegetation types

** = Registro nuevo para la Región Oriental de Cuba/New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

211 001

–m

–

212 002

–

–m

–

213 003

–m

–

214 004

–

b m

–n

–

215 005

b m

–n

–

216

b m

–n

–

006 007 217

–

008 218

–

–p

–

009 219

–

010 220

–

011 221

–g

–

–p

–

012 222

–

–p

–

013 014 223

= Registro nuevo para el Parque / New record for the Park

= Especie no nativa, introducida en Cuba/Non-native, introduced species to Cuba

Posib

= Posible endémica de Cuba / Possibly endemic to Cuba

Abundancia relativa/Relative abundance

015

MR = Muy rara, no vista o colectada en años recientes/Very rare, not seen or collected in recent years

016 224

–

–n

–

017 225

–

018 226

–

019 227

–g

–

–n

–

023 229

–

024 230

–g

–

FR = Frecuente, vista a menudo, pero no común/Frequent, seen regularly, but not common

231 026

–g

–

CO = Común/ Common

232 027

–

–s

Tipos de vegetación/Vegetation types

233 029

–

bg = Bosque de galería/Gallery forest

234 030

–

–s

235 031

–

bm = Bosque pluvial montano / Mountain rainforest

236

–

237

–m

–

238

–

239

–g

–

240

–g

–

–s

–

241

–g

–

–s

–

242

–

020 021 228 022

025

RA = Rara, vista o colectada recientemente, 1 a 3 veces / Rare but seen or collected recently, 1-3 times ES = Esporádica, vista o colectada ocasionalmente/Sporadic, seen or collected occasionally

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

185

Apéndice / Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines / Ferns and Fern Relatives

HELECHOS Y PLAN TA S A FI N E S / FE RN S A N D FE RN RE LATI VE S

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus / Status

Abundancia relativa/ Relative abundance

243

Pecluma plumula (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) M. Price

–

244

Pecluma ptilodon (Kunze) M. Price var. caespitosa (Jenm.) Mickel & Beitel

–

245

Phlebodium aureum (L.) J. Sm.

–

246

Phlebodium pseudoaureum (Cav.) Lellinger

–

247

Pleopeltis astrolepis (Liebm.) Fourn.

–

248

Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Bory ex Willd.) Kaulf.

–

249

Polypodium antillense Maxon

Candi

250

Polypodium dissimile L.

–

251

Polypodium loriceum L

–

252

Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt. var. polypodioides

–

253

Polypodium squamatum L.

–

254

Polypodium triseriale Sw. var. gladiatum (Kuhn) Proctor

–

255

Polypodium sp

–

Psilotaceae 256

Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv.

Pteridaceae

186

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

257

Adiantum capillus-veneris L.

258

Adiantum concinnum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

– –

259

Adiantum fructuosum Poepp. ex Spreng.

–

260

Adiantum latifolium Lam.

–

261

Adiantum lunulatum N.L. Burm

262

Adiantum macrophyllum Sw.

263

Adiantum pulverulentum L

264

Adiantum pyramidale (L.) Willd.

265 266

–

Amena

–

Adiantum tenerum Sw.

–

Adiantum tetraphyllum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

–

267

Adiantum trapeziforme L.

–

268

Adiantum villosum L.

–

269

Doryopteris pedata (L.) Fée

–

270

Hemionitis palmata L.

–

271

Notholaena trichomanoides (L.) Desv.

–

272

Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link var. calomelanos

–

273

Pityrogramma ebenea (L.) Proctor

–

274

Pityrogramma trifoliata (L.) R.M. Tryon*

–

275

Pityrogramma williamsii Proctor

–

276

Pityrogramma sp.

Amena, Endem

277

Pteris ensiformis Burm.

Amena

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

. .

S S R

Apéndice /Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines/ Ferns and Fern Relatives

LEYENDA/LEGEND *

Tipos de vegetación / Vegetation types

= Registro nuevo para el Parque / New record for the Park

–g

–

–s

–

** = Registro nuevo para la Región Oriental de Cuba/New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

–

*** = Registro nuevo para Cuba / New record for Cuba

–

Estatus/Status (Sánchez y/and Caluff 1997; Caluff y/and Shelton, ined. )

–

b m

–n

–

248 006

–m

–

249 007

–

–m

–

250 008

b m

–n

–

251 009

–m

–

252 010

–

–s

–

–m

–

243 001 244 002 003 245 004 246 005 247

011 253 012 254 013 014 255

Candi = Especie canditada a la categorización/Species proposed to be listed as a threatened species Endem = Endémica de Cuba / Endemic to Cuba Intro

= Especie no nativa, introducida en Cuba/Non-native, introduced species to Cuba

Posib

= Posible endémica de Cuba / Possibly endemic to Cuba

Abundancia relativa/Relative abundance

015 016 256

Amena = Especie amenazada ya categorizada/Listed as a threatened species

–

017 018 257

019 258

–g

–

020 259

–

–s

–

021 260

–

022 261

–

023 262

–g

–

024 263

–

025 264

–g

–

–s

–

026 265

–

–s

027 266

–g

–

use

–

029 267

–

030 268

–

bm = Bosque pluvial montano / Mountain rainforest

031 269

–

bn = Bosque nublado/Cloud forest

270

–

–s

271

–g

–

bp = Bosque de pinos (Pinar) / Pine forest

272

–

273

–

274

–g

–

275

–

276

–

–p

–

277

–

ES = Esporádica, vista o colectada ocasionalmente/Sporadic, seen or collected occasionally FR = Frecuente, vista a menudo, pero no común/Frequent, seen regularly, but not common CO = Común/ Common Tipos de vegetación/Vegetation types bg = Bosque de galería/Gallery forest

bs = Bosque siempreverde/ Evergreen forest ru = Vegetación ruderal/ Ruderal (open ground and roadside) vegetation se = Vegetación segetal/Segetal vegetation (in old cropland and plantations) vs = Vegetación secundaria / Secondary vegetation

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

187

Apéndice / Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines / Ferns and Fern Relatives

HELECHOS Y PLAN TA S A FI N E S / FE RN S A N D FE RN RE LATI VE S

Nombre científico / Scientific name 278

Pteris grandifolia L

279

Pteris longifolia L

280

Pteris plumula Desv.

281

Pteris podophylla S .

282

Pteris sp.

Estatus / Status . . w

Abundancia relativa/ Relative abundance

–

Endem

Schizaeaceae 283

Anemia adiantifolia (L.) Sw.

–

284

Anemia hirsuta (L.) Sw.

–

285

Anemia phyllitidis (L.) Sw.

–

286

Anemia underwoodiana Maxon

–

287

Anemia x zanonii Mickel

288

Lygodium venustum S .

289 290

291

Candi

–

Lygodium volubile Sw.

–

Lygodium volubile Sw. var. wrightii (Mett. ex Prantl) J.J. Duek

Endem

Schizaea poeppigiana Sturm

–

Selaginellaceae 292

Selaginella confusa Spring

–

293

Selaginella cordifolia (Desv.) Spring

–

294

Selaginella heterodonta (Desv.) Hieron.

–

295

Selaginella plumosa (L.) C. Presl

–

296

Selaginella serpens (Desv.) Spring

–

297

Selaginella subcaulescens Baker

–

298

Selaginella tenella (Beauv.) Spring

–

299

Selaginella wilsonii Hieron.

Endem

300

Selaginella sp 1

–

301

Selaginella sp 2

–

Intro

Thelypteridaceae 302

Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaud.) Ching

(Thelypteris subg. Amauraopelta)

188

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

303

Thelypteris balbisii (Spreng.) Ching

–

304

Thelypteris balbisii (Spreng.) Ching var. longipilosa C. Christ

–

305

Thelypteris balbisii (Spreng.) Ching var. mollipilosa C. Christ

–

306

Thelypteris cheilanthoides (Kunze) Proctor

Candi

307

Thelypteris decussata (L.) Proctor

–

308

Thelypteris germaniana (Fée) Proctor

–

309

Thelypteris gracilis (Heward) Proctor

–

310

Thelypteris linkiana (Presl.) R. Tryon

Candi

311

Thelypteris malangae (C. Chr.) Morton

–

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines/ Ferns and Fern Relatives

LEYENDA/LEGEND *

Tipos de vegetación / Vegetation types 278

–g

–

–s

–

279 001

–

–s

–

280 002

–

281 003

–m

–

282 004

–

005

–

006 284

–

–s

–

007 285

–

–s

–

008 286

–

009 287

–

–s

–

010 288

–

–s

–

011 289

–g

–

–s

–

012 290

–

–s

–

–m

–

292 016

–m

–

293 017

–

294 018

–

295 019

–

296 020

–

297 021

–

–s

–

298 022

–

–s

–

299 023

–g

–

–s

–

300 024

–g

–

301 025

–g

–

283

013 291 014

= Registro nuevo para el Parque / New record for the Park

= Especie no nativa, introducida en Cuba/Non-native, introduced species to Cuba

Posib

= Posible endémica de Cuba / Possibly endemic to Cuba

Abundancia relativa/Relative abundance

015

MR = Muy rara, no vista o colectada en años recientes/Very rare, not seen or collected in recent years RA = Rara, vista o colectada recientemente, 1 a 3 veces / Rare but seen or collected recently, 1-3 times ES = Esporádica, vista o colectada ocasionalmente/Sporadic, seen or collected occasionally FR = Frecuente, vista a menudo, pero no común/Frequent, seen regularly, but not common CO = Común/ Common

026

–

303 030

–

304 031

–m

–

305

–

bp = Bosque de pinos (Pinar) / Pine forest

306

–g

–

bs = Bosque siempreverde/ Evergreen forest

307

–m

–

308

–m

–

309

–

310

–g

–

311

–

–m

–

302 027

Tipos de vegetación/Vegetation types bg = Bosque de galería/Gallery forest

029

bm = Bosque pluvial montano / Mountain rainforest bn = Bosque nublado/Cloud forest

ru = Vegetación ruderal/ Ruderal (open ground and roadside) vegetation se = Vegetación segetal/Segetal vegetation (in old cropland and plantations) vs = Vegetación secundaria / Secondary vegetation

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

189

Apéndice / Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines / Ferns and Fern Relatives

HELECHOS Y PLAN TA S A FI N E S / FE RN S A N D FE RN RE LATI VE S

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus / Status

Abundancia relativa/ Relative abundance

312

Thelypteris oligocarpa (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Ching

–

313

Thelypteris pachyrachis (Kunze ex Mett.) Ching

Candi

314

Thelypteris piedrensis (C. Chr.) Morton

–

315

Thelypteris pteroidea (Klotzsch) R. Tryon*

Candi

316

Thelypteris resinifera (Desv.) Proctor

–

317

Thelypteris rudis (Kunze) Proctor

–

318

Thelypteris sancta (L.) Ching

–

319

Thelypteris scalpturoides (Fée) Reed

Endem

320

Thelypteris thompsonii (Jenm.) Proctor

Candi

321

Thelypteris sp 1

–

322

Thelypteris sp 2

–

(Thelypteris subg. Cyclosorus) 323

Thelypteris deltoidea (Sw.) Proctor

–

324

Thelypteris dentata (Forsk.) E. St. John

Intro

325

Thelypteris grandis A.R. Sm.

–

326

Thelypteris hispidula (Decne.) Reed var. hispidula*

–

327

Thelypteris kunthii (Desv.) Morton

–

328

Thelypteris patens (Sw.) Small var. patens

–

329

Thelypteris patens (Sw.) Small var. scabriuscula (C. Presl) A.R. Sm.

–

(Thelypteris subg. Goniopteris) 330

Thelypteris cordata (Fée) Proctor

–

331

Thelypteris nephrodioides (Klotz.) Proctor

Amena

332

Thelypteris obliterata (Sw.) Proctor

–

333

Thelypteris pennata (Poir.) Morton

–

334

Thelypteris poiteana (Bory.) Proctor

–

335

Thelypteris retroflexa (L.) Proctor

–

336

Thelypteris sclerophylla (Poepp. ex Spreng.) Morton

–

337

Thelypteris tetragona (Sw.) Small

–

(Thelypteris subg. Meniscium) 338

Thelypteris angustifolia (Willd.) Proctor

–

339

Thelypteris reticulata (L.) Proctor

–

Vittariaceae

190

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

340

Polytaenium cajenense (Desv.) Benedict

–

341

Polytaenium feei (Shafner) Maxon

–

342

Polytaenium intramarginale (Baker ex Jenm.) Alston

–

343

Polytaenium lineatum (Sw.) J. Sm.

–

344

Vittaria costata Kze

–

345

Vittaria graminifolia Kaulf.

–

346

Vittaria lineata (L.) J. Sm.

–

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 4 Helechos y Plantas Afines/ Ferns and Fern Relatives

LEYENDA/LEGEND *

Tipos de vegetación / Vegetation types

= Registro nuevo para el Parque / New record for the Park

–

** = Registro nuevo para la Región Oriental de Cuba/New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

313 002

–g

–

*** = Registro nuevo para Cuba / New record for Cuba

314 003

–g

–

–p

–

315 004

–

–m

–

316 005

–g

–

317

–m

–

318 006

–g

–

319 007

–g

–

320 008

–g

–

321 009

–

322 010

–

312 001

011

Estatus/Status (Sánchez y/and Caluff 1997; Caluff y/and Shelton, ined. ) Amena = Especie amenazada ya categorizada/Listed as a threatened species Candi = Especie canditada a la categorización/Species proposed to be listed as a threatened species Endem = Endémica de Cuba / Endemic to Cuba Intro

= Especie no nativa, introducida en Cuba/Non-native, introduced species to Cuba

Posib

= Posible endémica de Cuba / Possibly endemic to Cuba

323 012

–m

–

324 013

–

325 014

–

326 015

–

Abundancia relativa/Relative abundance

327 016

–

use

328 017

–

MR = Muy rara, no vista o colectada en años recientes/Very rare, not seen or collected in recent years

329 018

–

330 021

–

331 022

–

–m

–

332 023

–

333 024

–

334 025

–

FR = Frecuente, vista a menudo, pero no común/Frequent, seen regularly, but not common

335 026

–

–s

CO = Común/ Common

336 027

–

Tipos de vegetación/Vegetation types

337 029

–

bg = Bosque de galería/Gallery forest

–

bm = Bosque pluvial montano / Mountain rainforest

–g

–

019 020

030 338 031 339

RA = Rara, vista o colectada recientemente, 1 a 3 veces / Rare but seen or collected recently, 1-3 times ES = Esporádica, vista o colectada ocasionalmente/Sporadic, seen or collected occasionally

bn = Bosque nublado/Cloud forest bp = Bosque de pinos (Pinar) / Pine forest

340

–g

–

341

–

–s

–

342

–g

–

343

–m

–

344

–g

–

345

–g

–

346

–g

–

–s

–

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

191

Apéndice / Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

Especies de espermatófitas (plantas con semillas) registradas en el Parque Nacional La Bayamesa, Cuba, por Eddy Martínez Quesada, Orlando J. Reyes, Félix Acosta Cantillo, Robin B. Foster, William S. Alverson, y Corine Vriesendorp, con la colaboración de María del C. Fagilde Espinosa y Ramona Oviedo Prieto.

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / S EED PLANTS

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

–

Nat

–

Agave underwoodii Trel.

–

Nat

–

Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl.

Dracena

–

Int

–

Chamissoa altissima (Jacq.) Kunth

Guaniquique

–

Nat

–

Iresine cf. flavescens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

–

Int

–

Mango

–

Int

–

Guatteria blainii (Griseb.) Urb.

Purio fangar

–

Nat

–

Guatteria moralesii (M. Gómez) Urb.

Purio prieto

–

End

–

Guatteria sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Guatteria sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Oxandra laurifolia (Sw.) A. Rich.

Purio

–

Nat

–

Culantro

–

Nat

–

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Acanthaceae Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Agavaceae s.l.

Amaranthaceae

Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. Annonaceae

Apiaceae Eryngium foetidum L. Apocynaceae Forsteronia corymbosa (Jacq.) G. Meyer

Bejuco prieto

–

Nat

–

Plumeria obtusifolia Steud.

–

Acebo de sierra

–

Nat

–

Philodendron consanguineum Schott

–

Nat

–

Philodendron lacerum (Jacq.) Schott

Macusey macho

–

Nat

–

Philodendron sp.

–

Nat

–

Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott & Endl.

Malanga

–

Int

–

Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch.

Víbona

–

Nat

–

Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire, Steyerm. & Frodin

Yagruma macho

–

Nat

–

Coccothrinax sp.

–

Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H.E. Moore var. montana (Graham) An. Hend. & Galeano

Palma boba

–

Nat

–

Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook.

Palma real

–

Nat

–

Nat

–

Aquifoliaceae Ilex macfadyenii (Walpers) Rehder var. macfadyenii Araceae

Araliaceae

Arecaceae

Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia ringens Vahl

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Apéndice /Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

Species of Spermatophytes (seed plants) recorded in La Bayamesa National Park, Cuba, by Eddy Martínez Quesada, Orlando J. Reyes, Félix Acosta Cantillo, Robin B. Foster, William S. Alverson, and Corine Vriesendorp, with help from María del C. Fagilde Espinosa and Ramona Oviedo Prieto.

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / SEED PLANTS

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Asclepias curassavica L.

–

Nat

–

Asclepias nivea L.

Flor de calentura blanca

–

Nat

–

Cynanchum caribaeum Alain

–

Nat

–

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Asclepiadaceae

Cynanchum ephedroides (Griseb.) Alain

–

Nat

–

Cynanchum savannarum Alain

–

Nat?

–

Ageratina paucibracteata (Alain) R.M. King & H. Rob.

–

End

–

Ageratum conyzoides L.

–

Nat

–

Aster sp.

–

Nat?

–

Bidens bipinnata L.

–

Nat

–

Bidens pilosa L. var. pilosa

Romerillo

–

Nat

–

Bidens reptans (L.) G. Don var. reptans

–

Nat

–

Chaptalia sp.

–

Nat

–

Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob.

Rompezaragüey

–

Nat

–

Cirsium sp.

–

Nat

–

Crepis japonica (L.) Benth.

–

Nat

–

Critonia dalea (L.) DC.

Vainilla

–

Nat

–

Elephantopus mollis Kunth

–

Nat

–

Elephantopus scaber L.

–

Nat

–

Asteraceae

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.

Clavel chino

–

Nat

–

Erigeron cf. cuneifolius DC.

–

Nat

–

Erigeron jamaicensis L.

–

Nat

–

Gnaphalium sp.

–

Nat

–

LEYENDA / LEGEND

Nuevo registro/New record Bayamesa

Cuba

Oriente

S. Maestra

= Nuevo registro para el Parque/ New record for the Park = Nueva en estado silvestre para Cuba/Species previously known only from cultivation in Cuba

Estatus en Cuba/Status in Cuba (Flora de Cuba: León 1946; León y/and Alain 1951, 1953, 1957; Alain 1964; Manitz y/and Gutjahr 1998; Greuter et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2003, 2005)

Estatus mundial/Global status (IUCN 2004)

End = Endemismo/ Species endemic to Cuba

IND = Indeterminado/ Not determined but of conservation concern

= Nuevo registro para la Región Oriental de Cuba/ New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

Int

= Introducido/ Species introduced to Cuba

Nat

= Nativo/Species native to Cuba but not endemic

= Nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra/ New record for the Sierra Maestra

–

= Falta de información/ Lacking information

PEL = En peligro/Endangered VUL = Vulnerable/Vulnerable LR

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Menor riesgo/ Lower risk

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

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Apéndice / Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / S EED PLANTS

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Hebeclinium macrophyllum (L.) DC.

–

Nat

–

Koanophyllon sp. 1

–

Nat

–

Koanophyllon sp. 2

–

Nat

–

Liabum cf. cubense Sch. Bip.

–

Nat

–

Mikania alba Taylor

–

End

–

Mikania cordifolia (L. f.) Willd.

Guaco

–

Nat

–

Mikania cf. oopetala Urb.

–

Nat?

–

Mikania ranunculifolia A. Rich. ex Sagra

Guaco

–

End

–

Mikania sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Mikania sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Mikania sp. 3

–

Nat?

–

Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br. ex Cass.

Victoriana

–

Nat

–

Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G. Don

Salvia

–

Nat

–

Pseudelephantopus spicatus (Juss. & Aubl.) C.F. Baker

Lengua de vaca

–

Nat

–

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray

–

Nat

–

Vernonanthura menthaefolia (Poepp. ex Spreng.) H. Rob.

Rompezaragüey verdadero

–

End

–

Vernonia sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Vernonia sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Vernonia sp. 3

–

Nat?

–

Vernonia sp. 4

–

Nat?

–

sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

End

VUL

–

Nat

–

End

–

Begoniaceae Begonia cubensis Hassk.

–

Bignoniaceae Crescentia cujete L.

Güira

Tabebuia brooksiana Britton

Roble de olor

Tabebuia hypoleuca (C. Wright ex Sauvalle) Urb.

–

End

VUL

Tabebuia sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Tabebuia sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Nat

–

End

–

Boraginaceae Gerascanthus gerascanthoides (H.B.K.) Borhidi Gerascanthus valenzuelanus (A. Rich.) Borhidi

Varía Ateje hembra

Gerascanthus varroniifolius (I.M. Johnst.) Borhidi

–

Nat

–

Tournefortia bicolor Sw.

Nigua

–

Nat

–

Tournefortia glabra L.

–

Nat

–

Varronia longipedunculata Britton & P. Wilson

–

End

–

sp. 1

–

Nat

–

Brassicaceae Cardamine sp.

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Apéndice /Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / SEED PLANTS

Nombre científico / Scientific name Nasturtium officinale R. Br.

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Berro

–

Int

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status –

Bromeliaceae Aechmea cf. nudicaulis (L.) Griseb.

–

Nat

–

Catopsis cf. floribunda L.B. Sm.

–

Nat

–

Catopsis sp. 1

–

Nat

–

Catopsis sp. 2

–

Nat

–

Guzmania monostachya Rusby ex Mez

–

Nat

–

Hohenbergia penduliflora Mez

–

Nat

–

Tillandsia balbisiana Schult. f.

–

Nat

–

Tillandsia cf. capitata Griseb.

–

Nat

–

Tillandsia fasciculata Sw.

–

Nat

–

Tillandsia cf. festucoides Brongn. ex Mez

–

Nat

–

Tillandsia pruinosa Sw.

–

Nat

–

Tillandsia setacea Sw.

Curujey

–

Nat

–

Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L.

Guajaca

–

Nat

–

Tillandsia valenzuelana A. Rich

–

Nat

–

sp. 1

–

Nat

–

sp. 2

–

Nat

–

sp. 3

–

Nat

–

Guásima de pinares

–

Nat

IND

–

Nat

–

Brunelliaceae Brunellia comocladifolia Bonpl. subsp. domingensis Cuatrec. Buddlejaceae Buddleja americana L.

LEYENDA / LEGEND

Nuevo registro/New record Bayamesa

Cuba

Oriente

S. Maestra

= Nuevo registro para el Parque/ New record for the Park = Nueva en estado silvestre para Cuba/Species previously known only from cultivation in Cuba

Estatus en Cuba/Status in Cuba (Flora de Cuba: León 1946; León y/and Alain 1951, 1953, 1957; Alain 1964; Manitz y/and Gutjahr 1998; Greuter et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2003, 2005)

Estatus mundial/Global status (IUCN 2004)

End = Endemismo/ Species endemic to Cuba

IND = Indeterminado/ Not determined but of conservation concern

= Nuevo registro para la Región Oriental de Cuba/ New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

Int

= Introducido/ Species introduced to Cuba

Nat

= Nativo/Species native to Cuba but not endemic

= Nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra/ New record for the Sierra Maestra

–

= Falta de información/ Lacking information

PEL = En peligro/Endangered VUL = Vulnerable/Vulnerable LR

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Menor riesgo/ Lower risk

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

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Apéndice / Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / S EED PLANTS

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

–

Nat

–

Burseraceae Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.

Almácigo

Cactaceae Pereskia (Rhodocactus) grandifolius (Haw.) F.M. Knuth

–

Int

–

Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S. Muell.) Stearn

Disciplinilla

–

Nat

–

Lobelia assurgens L. var. assurgens

–

Nat

–

Lobelia assurgens L. var. portoricensis (A. DC.) Urb.

Chicoria cimarrona

–

Nat

–

Lobelia sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Lobelia sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Lobelia sp. 3

–

Nat?

–

Platanillo

–

Int

–

Nat

–

Nat

–

Yagruma

–

Nat

–

End

–

End

–

Chrysobalanus icaco L.?

Icaco

–

Nat

–

Hirtella triandra Sw.

Siguapa

–

Nat

–

End

–

Clusia grisebachiana (Planchon & Triana) Alain

–

Nat

–

Clusia minor L.

Copeicillo

–

Nat

–

Clusia rosea Jacq.

Cupey

–

Nat

–

Clusia tetrastigma Vesque

–

End

–

Júcaro amarillo

–

Nat

–

Commelina elegans Kunth

Canutillo

–

Nat

–

Commelina sp.

Canutillo

–

Nat

–

Tradescantia spathacea Sw.

Cordobán

–

Int

–

Campanulaceae

Cannaceae Canna coccinea Mill. Caprifoliaceae Viburnum villosum Sw. Caryophyllaceae Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult. Cecropiaceae Cecropia schreberiana Miq. Celastraceae Elaeodendron lippoldii Bisse Chloranthaceae Hedyosmum grisebachii Solms Chrysobalanaceae

Clethraceae Clethra cubensis A. Rich. Clusiaceae

Combretaceae Buchenavia tetraphylla (Aubl.) R.A. Howard Commelinaceae

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Apéndice /Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / SEED PLANTS

Nombre científico / Scientific name Tradescantia zebrina Heynh.

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Cucaracha

–

Int

–

Caña mejicana

–

Int

–

Siempre viva

–

Int

–

Costaceae Costus speciosus (J. König) Sm. Crassulaceae Bryophyllum (Kalanchoe) pinnatum (L. f.) Oken Cucurbitaceae Cayaponia racemosa (Mill.) Cogn.

–

Nat

–

Cayaponia sp.

–

Nat

–

Melothria guadalupensis (Spreng.) Cogn.

–

Nat

–

Psiguria pedata (L.) R.A. Howard.

–

Nat

–

Nat

–

Cupressus lusitanica Mill.

–

Int

–

Juniperus barbadensis L. var. lucayana (Britton) R.P. Adams

–

Nat

VUL

Cunoniaceae Weinmannia pinnata L. Cupressaceae

Cyperaceae Cyperus alternifolius L.

Paragüita

–

Nat

–

Cyperus lanceolatus Poir.

–

Nat

–

Cyperus rotundus L.

–

Nat

–

Cyperus sp.

–

Nat

–

Eleocharis cellulosa Torr.

–

Nat

–

Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.

–

Nat

–

Fimbristylis sp. 1

–

Nat

–

Fimbristylis sp. 2

–

Nat

–

Fimbristylis sp. 3

–

Nat

–

LEYENDA / LEGEND

Nuevo registro/New record Bayamesa

Cuba

Oriente

S. Maestra

= Nuevo registro para el Parque/ New record for the Park = Nueva en estado silvestre para Cuba/Species previously known only from cultivation in Cuba

Estatus en Cuba/Status in Cuba (Flora de Cuba: León 1946; León y/and Alain 1951, 1953, 1957; Alain 1964; Manitz y/and Gutjahr 1998; Greuter et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2003, 2005)

Estatus mundial/Global status (IUCN 2004)

End = Endemismo/ Species endemic to Cuba

IND = Indeterminado/ Not determined but of conservation concern

= Nuevo registro para la Región Oriental de Cuba/ New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

Int

= Introducido/ Species introduced to Cuba

Nat

= Nativo/Species native to Cuba but not endemic

= Nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra/ New record for the Sierra Maestra

–

= Falta de información/ Lacking information

PEL = En peligro/Endangered VUL = Vulnerable/Vulnerable LR

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Menor riesgo/ Lower risk

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

197

Apéndice / Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / S EED PLANTS

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Rhynchospora sp. 1

–

Nat

–

Rhynchospora sp. 2

–

Nat

–

Scleria lithosperma (L.) Sw.

–

Nat

–

sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Cyrillaceae Cyrilla racemiflora L.

Barril

–

Nat

–

Purdiaea stenopetala Griseb. var. stenopetala

–

Bayamesa, S. Maestra

End

–

Bejuco colorado

–

Nat

–

Dioscorea alata L.

Ñame

–

Int

–

Dioscorea sp.

–

Nat?

–

Rajania sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Rajania sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Rajania sp. 3

–

Nat?

–

Dilleniaceae Davilla nitida (Vahl) Kubitzki Dioscoraceae

Ericaceae Lyonia elliptica (Small) Alain

–

End

PEL

Lyonia sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Lyonia sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Lyonia sp. 3

–

Nat?

–

Vaccinium cubense Griseb.

–

End

–

Vaccinium leonis Acuña & Roig

–

End

–

Alchornea latifolia Sw.

Aguacatillo

–

Nat

–

Chaetocarpus globosus (Sw.) Fawc. & Rendle subsp. oblongatus (Alain) Borhidi

–

End

–

Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. var. hirta

Lechera

–

Nat

–

Croton cf. vaccinioides A. Rich.

–

End

–

Cubacroton maestrense Alain

–

End

–

Ditta cf. maestrensis Borhidi

–

End

–

Ditta myricoides Griseb.

–

Nat

–

Drypetes alba Poit.

Hueso

–

Nat

–

Hieronyma sp.

–

Nat?

–

Pera sp.

–

Nat?

–

Euphorbiaceae

198

Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.

–

Nat

–

Phyllanthus sp.

–

Nat?

–

Ricinus communis L.

Higuereta

–

Int

–

Tragia sp.

–

Nat?

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

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Apéndice /Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / SEED PLANTS

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Sapium daphnoides Griseb.

–

End

–

Sapium erythrospermum Muell. Arg.

–

End

–

Sapium jamaicense Sw.

Piniche

–

Nat

–

Sapium laurifolium (A. Rich.) Griseb.

–

End

–

Sapium maestrense Urb.

–

End

–

Savia sp.

–

Nat?

–

Tragia (Platygyna) hexandra Jacq.

–

End

–

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Fabaceae – Caesalpinioideae Chamaecrista sp.

–

Nat?

–

Senna ligustrina (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby var. turquinae (Britton) A. Barreto & Yakovlev

–

Bayamesa

End

–

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link

–

Nat

–

Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby var. spectabilis

Algarrobillo

Nat

–

Nat

–

Fabaceae – Faboideae Aeschynomene sp.

–

Calopogonium sp.

–

Nat

–

Centrosema virginianum (L.) Benth.

Azulada

–

Nat

–

Crotalaria incana L.

Garbarcillo

–

Nat

–

Crotalaria retusa L.

Maromera

–

Nat

–

Desmodium axillare (Sw.) DC.

Amor seco

–

Nat

–

Desmodium incanum DC.

Empanadilla

–

Nat

–

Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.

Amor seco

–

Nat

–

Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook

Búcare

–

Nat

–

Indigofera suffruticosa Mill.

Añil cimarrón

–

Nat

–

Galactia sp.

–

Nat?

–

LEYENDA / LEGEND

Nuevo registro/New record Bayamesa

Cuba

Oriente

S. Maestra

= Nuevo registro para el Parque/ New record for the Park = Nueva en estado silvestre para Cuba/Species previously known only from cultivation in Cuba

Estatus en Cuba/Status in Cuba (Flora de Cuba: León 1946; León y/and Alain 1951, 1953, 1957; Alain 1964; Manitz y/and Gutjahr 1998; Greuter et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2003, 2005)

Estatus mundial/Global status (IUCN 2004)

End = Endemismo/ Species endemic to Cuba

IND = Indeterminado/ Not determined but of conservation concern

= Nuevo registro para la Región Oriental de Cuba/ New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

Int

= Introducido/ Species introduced to Cuba

Nat

= Nativo/Species native to Cuba but not endemic

= Nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra/ New record for the Sierra Maestra

–

= Falta de información/ Lacking information

PEL = En peligro/Endangered VUL = Vulnerable/Vulnerable LR

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Menor riesgo/ Lower risk

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

199

Apéndice / Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / S EED PLANTS

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb.

Maribari

–

Nat

–

Macroptilium sp.

–

Nat

–

Mucuna urens (L.) Medik.

Ojo de buey

–

Nat

–

Rhynchosia sp.

–

Nat

–

Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh.

–

Cuba

Int

–

Vigna sp.

–

Nat

–

sp. 1

–

Fabaceae – Mimosoideae Cojoba arborea (L.) Britton & Rose

Moruro rojo

–

Nat

–

Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.

Marabú

–

Int

–

Inga vera Willd.

Guaba

–

Nat

–

Mimosa pellita Humb. & Bonp. ex Willd. (M. pigra)

Weyler

–

Nat

–

Mimosa pudica L.

Dormidera

–

Nat

–

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.

Algarrobo

–

Nat

–

Flacourtiaceae Casearia arborea (Rich.) Urb.

–

Nat

–

Casearia sylvestris Sw. var. sylvestris

Sarnilla

–

Nat

–

Lunania subcoriacea Britton & P. Wilson

–

Bayamesa, S. Maestra

End

–

Prockia crucis P. Browne ex L.

Guasimilla

–

Nat

–

Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britton & Millsp.

Guaguasí

–

Nat

–

Nat

–

Lisianthius glandulosus A. Rich.

–

End

–

Lisianthius silenifolius (Griseb.) Urb.

–

End

–

Besleria lutea L.

–

Nat

–

Dalbergaria cubensis (Urb.) Borhidi

–

End

–

Dalbergaria tincta (Griseb.) Borhidi

–

End

–

Gesneria viridiflora (Decne.) Kuntze var. obovata C.V. Morton

–

End

–

Gesneria cf. viridiflora (Decne.) Kuntze var. viridiflora

–

End?

–

Gesneria sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Rhytidophyllum coccineum Urb.

Boca de león de paredón

–

End

–

Rhytidophyllum cf. villosulum (Urb.) C.V. Morton

–

Nat?

–

Bejuco de vieja

–

Nat

–

Garryaceae Garrya fadyena Hook Gentianaceae

Gesneriaceae

Hippocrateaceae Hippocratea volubis L.

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Apéndice /Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / SEED PLANTS

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz

–

Nat

–

Hypericum nitidum Lam.

–

Nat

–

Hyptis capitata Jacq.

San Dieguillo

–

Nat

–

Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit.

Orégano cimarrón

–

Nat

–

Hyptis verticillata Jacq.

Coge mundo

–

Nat

–

Ocimum sp.

–

Nat?

–

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Hypericaceae

Lamiaceae

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.

Manto

–

Int

–

Salvia cf. serotina L.

Banderilla azul

–

Nat?

–

sp. 1

–

Beilschmiedia pendula (Sw.) Hemsl.

–

Nat

–

Cinnamomum elongatum (Nees) Kosterm.

Boniatillo

–

Nat

–

Cinnamomum montanum (Sw.) J. Presl.

Boniato del pinar

–

Nat

–

Cinnamomum triplinerve (Ruiz & Pav.) Kosterm.

Boniato blanco

–

Nat

–

Lauraceae

Licaria cubensis (O.C. Schmidt) Kosterm.

–

End

VUL

Licaria sp.

–

Nat

–

Ocotea cuneata (Griseb.) M. Gómez

Canelón

–

Nat

–

Ocotea globosa Schlecht. & Cham.

Aguacatillo

–

Nat

–

Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Laness.

Sapo

–

Nat

–

Ocotea spathulata Mez

–

Nat

–

Persea anomala Britton & Wilson

–

End

–

Int

–

Liliaceae Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth LEYENDA / LEGEND

Nuevo registro/New record Bayamesa

Cuba

Oriente

S. Maestra

= Nuevo registro para el Parque/ New record for the Park = Nueva en estado silvestre para Cuba/Species previously known only from cultivation in Cuba

Estatus en Cuba/Status in Cuba (Flora de Cuba: León 1946; León y/and Alain 1951, 1953, 1957; Alain 1964; Manitz y/and Gutjahr 1998; Greuter et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2003, 2005)

Estatus mundial/Global status (IUCN 2004)

End = Endemismo/ Species endemic to Cuba

IND = Indeterminado/ Not determined but of conservation concern

= Nuevo registro para la Región Oriental de Cuba/ New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

Int

= Introducido/ Species introduced to Cuba

Nat

= Nativo/Species native to Cuba but not endemic

= Nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra/ New record for the Sierra Maestra

–

= Falta de información/ Lacking information

PEL = En peligro/Endangered VUL = Vulnerable/Vulnerable LR

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Menor riesgo/ Lower risk

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

201

Apéndice / Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / S EED PLANTS

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth

Cufia

–

Int

–

Cuphea cf. parsonsia (L.) R. Br. ex Steud.

–

Nat?

–

Magnolia cubensis Urb. subsp. cubensis

Marañón de Sierra Alta

–

End

–

Talauma orbiculata Britton

Marañón de costa

–

End

–

Byrsonima cf. coriacea (Sw.) DC.

–

Nat

–

Stigmaphyllon sagraeanum A. Juss.

Bejuco San Pedro

–

Nat

–

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Lythraceae

Magnoliaceae

Malpighiaceae

Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

Mar pacífico

–

Int

–

Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. var. arboreus

Majagüilla

–

Nat

–

Pavonia schiedeana Steud.

–

Bayamesa

Nat

–

Pavonia spinifex (L.) Cav.

Majagüilla

–

Nat

–

Sida acuta Burm. f.

–

Nat

–

Sida rhombifolia L.

Malva de cochino

–

Nat

–

Sida spinosa L.

Malva de caballo

–

Nat

–

Sida urens L.

Malva peluda

–

Nat

–

Talipariti elatum (Sw.) Fryxell

Majagua

–

Nat

–

Urena lobata L. var. lobata

Malva blanca

–

Nat

–

sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don

Cordobán peludo

–

Nat

–

Clidemia (Heterotrichum) umbellata (Mill.) L.O. Williams

–

Nat

–

Graffenrieda rufescens (Britton) P. Wilson

–

End

–

Henriettea ekmanii (Urb.) Alain

–

End

–

Marcgraviaceae Marcgravia sp. Melastomataceae

202

Mecranium cf. racemosum (Griseb.) C. Wright

–

Nat?

–

Mecranium sp.

–

Nat?

–

Meriania leucantha (Sw.) Sw. var. nana Triana

Cordobán

–

End

Miconia dodecandra Cogn.

–

Nat

–

Miconia elata (Sw.) DC.

–

Nat

–

Miconia cf. laevigata (L.) D. Don

–

Nat?

–

Miconia mirabilis (Aubl.) L.O. Williams

–

Nat

–

Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC.

–

Nat

–

Miconia pteroclada Urb.

–

End

–

Ossaea granulata Urb.

–

End

–

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / SEED PLANTS

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Ossaea ottoschmidtii Urb.

–

End

–

Ossaea turquinensis Urb.

–

End

–

Tibouchina longifolia (Vahl) Baill.

–

Nat

–

sp. 1

–

sp. 2

–

sp. 3

–

Yamagua

–

Nat

–

Cissampelos pareira L.

–

Nat

–

Hyperbaena sp.

–

Nat?

–

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Meliaceae Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer Menispermaceae

Moraceae Ficus wrightii Benth.

Jagüey hembra

–

Nat

–

Ficus sp.

–

Nat

– –

Pseudolmedia spuria (Sw.) Griseb.

–

Nat

Trophis racemosa (L.) Urb.

Ramón

–

Nat

–

sp. 1

–

Myricaceae Myrica cacuminis Britton & P. Wilson

–

End

–

Myrica cerifera L.

Arraiján

–

Nat

–

Myrica punctata Griseb.

–

End

–

Myrica shaferi Urb. & Britton

–

End

–

Ardisia sp.

–

Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult.

Camagüilla

–

Nat

–

Myrsinaceae

LEYENDA / LEGEND

Nuevo registro/New record Bayamesa

Cuba

Oriente

S. Maestra

= Nuevo registro para el Parque/ New record for the Park = Nueva en estado silvestre para Cuba/Species previously known only from cultivation in Cuba

Estatus en Cuba/Status in Cuba (Flora de Cuba: León 1946; León y/and Alain 1951, 1953, 1957; Alain 1964; Manitz y/and Gutjahr 1998; Greuter et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2003, 2005)

Estatus mundial/Global status (IUCN 2004)

End = Endemismo/ Species endemic to Cuba

IND = Indeterminado/ Not determined but of conservation concern

= Nuevo registro para la Región Oriental de Cuba/ New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

Int

= Introducido/ Species introduced to Cuba

Nat

= Nativo/Species native to Cuba but not endemic

= Nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra/ New record for the Sierra Maestra

–

= Falta de información/ Lacking information

PEL = En peligro/Endangered VUL = Vulnerable/Vulnerable LR

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Menor riesgo/ Lower risk

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

203

Apéndice / Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / S EED PLANTS

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Wallenia bumelioides (Griseb.) Mez

Agracejo

–

End

–

Wallenia laurifolia Sw.

Camagua

–

Nat

–

sp. 1

–

Myrtaceae Calyptranthes cf. maestrensis Urb.

–

End?

–

Eucalyptus sp.

–

Int

–

Eugenia laeteviridis Urb.

–

End

–

Eugenia sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Eugenia sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Eugenia sp. 3

–

Nat?

–

Gomidesia lindeniana O. Berg

–

Nat

–

Psidium guajava L.

Guayaba

–

Int

–

Psidium sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Psidium sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston

Pomarrosa

–

Int

–

Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry

Albaricoque

–

Int

–

sp. 1

–

Nyctaginaceae Pisonia aculeata L.

Zarza

–

Nat

–

Pisonia sp.

–

Nat?

–

Nat

–

Caney

–

Nat

–

Nat

–

Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC.

–

Nat

–

Cyclopogon elatus (Sw.) Schltr.

–

Nat

–

Dichaea glauca (Sw.) Lindl.

–

Nat

–

Dichaea pendula (Aubl.) Cogn.

–

Nat

–

Dilomilis montana (Sw.) Summerh.

–

Nat

–

Dilomilis sp.

–

Nat?

–

Dinema cubincola (Borhidi) A. Dietr.

–

End

–

Dinema polybulbon (Sw.) Lindl.

–

Nat

–

Elleanthus capitatus (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb. f.

–

Nat

–

Encyclia sp.

–

Nat

–

Epidendrum ramosum Jacq.

–

Nat

–

Epidendrum repens Cogn.

–

Nat

–

Olacaceae Schoepfia sp. Oleaceae Chionanthus domingensis Lam. Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven Orchidaceae

204

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / SEED PLANTS

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Epidendrum serrulatum Sw.

–

Nat

–

Epidendrum sp.

–

Nat?

–

Habenaria sp.

–

Nat?

–

Isochilus linearis R. Br.

–

Nat

–

Jacquiniella teretifolia (Sw.) Britton & P. Wilson

–

Nat

–

Lepanthes pergracilis Schltr.

–

Nat

–

Lepanthes sp.

–

Nat?

–

Lophiaris (Oncidium) lurida (Lindl.) Braem

–

Nat

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Maxillaria alba (Hook.) Lindl.

–

Nat

–

Maxillaria crassifolia (Lindl.) Rchb. f.

–

Nat

–

Nidema ottonis (Rchb. f.) Britton & Millsp.

–

Nat

–

Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl.

–

Nat

–

Octomeria tridentata Lindl.

–

Nat

–

Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng.

–

Nat

–

Phaius tankervilliae (Banks ex L’Hér.) Blume

–

Nat

–

Pleurothallis oblongifolia Lindl.

–

Nat

–

Pleurothallis sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Pleurothallis sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Psilochilus macrophyllus (Lindl.) Ames

–

Nat

–

Prosthechea cochleata (L.) W.E. Higgins

–

Nat

–

Spiranthes torta (Thunb.) Garay & H.R. Sweet

–

Nat

–

Stelis sp.

–

Nat?

–

Stenorrhynchos squamulosum (Kunth) Spreng.

–

Nat

–

Vanilla bicolor Lindl.

–

Nat

–

sp. 1

–

LEYENDA / LEGEND

Nuevo registro/New record Bayamesa

Cuba

Oriente

S. Maestra

= Nuevo registro para el Parque/ New record for the Park = Nueva en estado silvestre para Cuba/Species previously known only from cultivation in Cuba

Estatus en Cuba/Status in Cuba (Flora de Cuba: León 1946; León y/and Alain 1951, 1953, 1957; Alain 1964; Manitz y/and Gutjahr 1998; Greuter et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2003, 2005)

Estatus mundial/Global status (IUCN 2004)

End = Endemismo/ Species endemic to Cuba

IND = Indeterminado/ Not determined but of conservation concern

= Nuevo registro para la Región Oriental de Cuba/ New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

Int

= Introducido/ Species introduced to Cuba

Nat

= Nativo/Species native to Cuba but not endemic

= Nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra/ New record for the Sierra Maestra

–

= Falta de información/ Lacking information

PEL = En peligro/Endangered VUL = Vulnerable/Vulnerable LR

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Menor riesgo/ Lower risk

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

205

Apéndice / Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / S EED PLANTS

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Vinagrillo

–

Nat

–

Palo amarillo

–

Nat

–

Passiflora maestrensis Duharte

–

End

–

Passiflora penduliflora Bertero ex DC.

–

Nat

–

Passiflora santiagana (Killip) Borhidi

–

End

–

Passiflora sexflora Juss.

Pasionaria de cerca

–

Nat

–

Passiflora suberosa L.

Huevo de gallo

–

Nat

–

Phytolacca icosandra L.

Bledo carbonero

–

Nat

–

Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & C.D. Bouché

Bledo carbonero

–

Nat

–

Trichostigma octandrum (L.) H. Walter

Bejuco de canasta

–

Nat

–

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. Papaveraceae Bocconia frutescens L. Passifloraceae

Phytolaccaceae

Pinaceae Pinus caribaea Morelet

Pino macho

–

Nat

–

Pinus cubensis Griseb.

Pino

–

End

–

Pinus maestrensis Bisse

–

End

–

Piperaceae Peperomia hernandiifolia (Vahl) A. Dietr.

–

Nat

–

Peperomia maculosa (L.) Hook.

–

Nat

–

Peperomia magnoliaefolia (Jacq.) A. Dietr.

–

Nat

–

Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) Kunth

–

Nat

–

Peperomia tenella (Sw.) A. Dietr.

–

Nat

–

Peperomia sp.

–

Nat?

–

Piper aduncum L.

–

Nat

–

Piper auritum Kunth

–

Int

–

Piper lindenianum C. DC.

–

End

–

Piper sp.

–

Nat?

–

Pothomorphe peltata (L.) Miq. (Lepianthes peltata [L.] Raf. ex R.A. Howard)

–

Nat

–

Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) (Lepianthes umbellata [L.] Raf. ex Ramamoorthy)

Caisimón

–

Nat

–

Plantago lanceolata L.

–

Int

–

Plantago major L.

Llantén

–

Int

–

Andropogon bicornis L.

–

Nat

–

Andropogon virginicus L.

–

Nat

–

Arthrostylidium mutispicatum Pilg.

–

Nat

–

Plantaginaceae

Poaceae

206

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / SEED PLANTS

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Arundo donax L.

–

Nat

–

Coix lacryma-jobi L.

–

Nat

–

Eragrostis sp.

–

Nat?

–

Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) P. Beauv.

Güin

–

Nat

–

Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf

–

Nat

–

Lithachne pauciflora (Sw.) P. Beauv.

–

Nat

–

Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv.

–

Nat

–

Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.

–

Nat

–

Panicum glutinosum Sw.

–

Nat

–

Panicum maximum Jacq.

–

Nat

–

Panicum pilosum Sw.

–

Nat

–

Paspalum sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Paspalum sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Paspalum sp. 3

–

Nat?

–

Pennisetum cf. purpureum Schumach.

Hierba elefante

–

Int

–

Pharus sp.

–

Nat

–

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Schizachyrium gracile (Spreng.) Nash (Andropogon gracilis)

–

Nat

–

Setaria geniculata P. Beauv.

Rabo de gato

–

Nat

–

Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br.

Espartillo

–

Nat

–

Tripsacum floridanum Porter ex Vasey

–

Int?

–

Zeugites americana Willd.

–

Nat

–

sp. 1

–

sp. 2

–

sp. 3

–

LEYENDA / LEGEND

Nuevo registro/New record Bayamesa

Cuba

Oriente

S. Maestra

= Nuevo registro para el Parque/ New record for the Park = Nueva en estado silvestre para Cuba/Species previously known only from cultivation in Cuba

Estatus en Cuba/Status in Cuba (Flora de Cuba: León 1946; León y/and Alain 1951, 1953, 1957; Alain 1964; Manitz y/and Gutjahr 1998; Greuter et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2003, 2005)

Estatus mundial/Global status (IUCN 2004)

End = Endemismo/ Species endemic to Cuba

IND = Indeterminado/ Not determined but of conservation concern

= Nuevo registro para la Región Oriental de Cuba/ New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

Int

= Introducido/ Species introduced to Cuba

Nat

= Nativo/Species native to Cuba but not endemic

= Nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra/ New record for the Sierra Maestra

–

= Falta de información/ Lacking information

PEL = En peligro/Endangered VUL = Vulnerable/Vulnerable LR

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Menor riesgo/ Lower risk

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

207

Apéndice / Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / S EED PLANTS

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

sp. 4

–

sp. 5

–

Nat

–

Badiera oblongata Britton

Pico de gallo

–

Nat

–

Polygala paniculata L.

–

Nat

Securidaca sp.

–

Coccoloba costata C. Wright

Uvilla

–

End

–

Coccoloba sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Coccoloba sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Polygonum sp. 1

–

Nat

–

Polygonum sp. 2

–

Nat

–

Bejuco leñatero

–

Nat

–

Nat

–

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Podostemaceae Marathrum utile Tul. Polygalaceae

Nat?

– –

Polygonaceae

Rhamnaceae Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. var. lupuloides Rosaceae Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. Prunus occidentalis Sw.

Cuajaní

–

Nat

–

Rosa sp.

–

Rubus turquinensis Rydb.

–

End

–

Antirhea sp.

–

End?

–

Coccocypselum herbaceum Aubl.

–

Nat

–

Coccocypselum lanceolatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.

–

Nat

–

Coccocypselum sp.

–

Nat?

–

Rubiaceae

208

Coffea arabica L.

Café

–

Int

–

Exostema sp.

–

Nat?

–

Faramea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich.

Nabaco

–

Nat

–

Guettarda elliptica Sw.

Cigüilla

–

Nat

–

Guettarda valenzuelana A. Rich.

Vigueta

–

Nat

–

Gonzalagunia brachyantha (A. Rich.) Urb.

–

Nat

–

Hillia tetrandra Sw.

–

Nat

–

Ixora ferrea (Jacq.) Benth.

Café cimarrón

–

Nat

–

Nat

Lasianthus lanceolatus (Griseb.) Urb.

Bejuco de peo

–

Manettia sp.

–

Mitracarpus sp. 1

–

Nat

–

Mitracarpus sp. 2

–

Nat

–

Notopleura guadalupensis (DC.) C.M. Taylor

–

Nat

–

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

End?

– –

Apéndice /Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / SEED PLANTS

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Nuevo registro / New record

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Palicourea alpina (Sw.) DC.

Tapa camino

–

Nat

–

Palicourea sp.

–

Nat

–

Psychotria berteriana DC.

–

Nat

–

Psychotria brachiata Sw.

–

Nat

–

Psychotria brevistipulata De Wild.

–

End

–

Psychotria grandis Sw.

–

Nat

–

Psychotria guadalupensis (DC.) R.A. Howard

–

Nat

–

Psychotria uliginosa Sw.

–

Nat

–

Psychotria sp.

–

Rondeletia intermixta Britton subsp. turquinensis Fernández & Borhidi

–

End

–

Scolosanthus maestrensis Alain

–

End

–

Schradera cephalophora Griseb.

–

End

–

Spermacoce laevis Lam.

–

Nat

–

sp. 1

–

sp. 2

–

Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle

Lima

–

Int

–

Citrus aurantium L.

Naranja agria

–

Int

–

Citrus paradisi Macfad.

Toronja

–

Int

–

Citrus reticulata Blanco

Mandarina

–

Int

–

Rutaceae

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Naranja dulce

–

Int

–

Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam.) DC.

Ayúa

–

Nat

–

Zanthoxylum sp.

–

Nat?

–

LEYENDA / LEGEND

Nuevo registro/New record Bayamesa

Cuba

Oriente

S. Maestra

= Nuevo registro para el Parque/ New record for the Park = Nueva en estado silvestre para Cuba/Species previously known only from cultivation in Cuba

Estatus en Cuba/Status in Cuba (Flora de Cuba: León 1946; León y/and Alain 1951, 1953, 1957; Alain 1964; Manitz y/and Gutjahr 1998; Greuter et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2003, 2005)

Estatus mundial/Global status (IUCN 2004)

End = Endemismo/ Species endemic to Cuba

IND = Indeterminado/ Not determined but of conservation concern

= Nuevo registro para la Región Oriental de Cuba/ New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

Int

= Introducido/ Species introduced to Cuba

Nat

= Nativo/Species native to Cuba but not endemic

= Nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra/ New record for the Sierra Maestra

–

= Falta de información/ Lacking information

PEL = En peligro/Endangered VUL = Vulnerable/Vulnerable LR

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Menor riesgo/ Lower risk

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

209

Apéndice / Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / S EED PLANTS

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

–

End

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Sapindaceae Allophylus reticulatus Radlk.

–

Cupania americana L.

Guara común

–

Nat

–

Cupania sp.

–

Nat

–

Matayba domingensis (DC.) Radlk.

Macurije

–

Nat

–

Matayba oppositifolia (A. Rich.) Britton (M. apetala)

Macurije

–

Nat

–

Serjania atrolineata C. Wright

–

Nat

–

Serjania cf. diversifolia (Jacq.) Radlk.

–

Nat?

–

Serjania sp.

–

Nat?

–

Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.

Caimitillo

–

Nat

–

Pouteria sp.

–

Nat?

–

Sideroxylon jubilla (Ekman ex Urb.) T.D. Penn.

Jocuma colorada

–

End

VUL

Mastuerzo

–

Nat

–

Sapotaceae

Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcis L. Smilacaceae Smilax domingensis Willd.

–

Nat

–

Smilax havanensis Jacq.

–

Nat

–

Smilax lanceolata L.

Raíz de china

–

Nat

–

Brugmansia sp.

–

Cestrum diurnum L.

–

Nat

–

Cestrum hirtum Sw.

–

Nat

–

Cestrum laurifolium L’Hér.

Galán de día

–

Nat

–

Cestrum sp.

–

Nat?

–

Datura sp.

–

Nat

–

Solanum torvum Sw.

Pendejera

–

Nat

–

Solanum sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Solanum sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Solanum sp. 3

–

Nat?

–

Saúco cimarrón

–

Nat

–

Guásima

–

Nat

–

Melochia sp.

–

Nat

–

Waltheria indica L.

Malva

–

Nat

–

Cleyera sp.

–

End?

–

Freziera grisebachii Krug & Urb.

–

End

–

Solanaceae

Staphyleaceae Turpinia paniculata Vent. Sterculiaceae Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.

Theaceae

210

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / SEED PLANTS

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Ternstroemia aff. peduncularis DC.

Copey vera

–

Nat

–

Ternstroemia sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Ternstroemia sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Guisazo

–

Nat

–

Trema cubensis Urb.

–

End

–

Trema lamarckiana (Roem. & Schult.) Blume

Capulí cimarrón

–

Nat

–

Trema micrantha (L.) Blume

Guasimilla cimarrona

–

Nat

–

sp. 1

–

Tiliaceae Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq. Ulmaceae

Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw.

Mora de Piedra

–

Nat

–

Pilea cellulosa (Spreng.) Urb.

–

Nat

–

Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.

–

Nat

–

Pilea cf. nudicaulis Wedd.

–

End?

–

Pilea sp. 1

–

Nat?

–

Pilea sp. 2

–

Nat?

–

Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich ex Wedd.

Chichicate

–

Nat

–

Aegiphila sp.

–

Nat?

–

Callicarpa ferruginea Sw.

Filigrana

–

Nat

–

Callicarpa cf. floccosa Urb.

–

Bayamesa?

Nat?

–

Verbenaceae

Callicarpa resinosa C. Wright & Moldenke

–

End

–

Citharexylum caudatum L.

Penda

–

Nat

–

Citharexylum discolor Turcz.

–

Bayamesa

Nat

–

LEYENDA / LEGEND

Nuevo registro/New record Bayamesa

Cuba

Oriente

S. Maestra

= Nuevo registro para el Parque/ New record for the Park = Nueva en estado silvestre para Cuba/Species previously known only from cultivation in Cuba

Estatus en Cuba/Status in Cuba (Flora de Cuba: León 1946; León y/and Alain 1951, 1953, 1957; Alain 1964; Manitz y/and Gutjahr 1998; Greuter et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2003, 2005)

Estatus mundial/Global status (IUCN 2004)

End = Endemismo/ Species endemic to Cuba

IND = Indeterminado/ Not determined but of conservation concern

= Nuevo registro para la Región Oriental de Cuba/ New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

Int

= Introducido/ Species introduced to Cuba

Nat

= Nativo/Species native to Cuba but not endemic

= Nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra/ New record for the Sierra Maestra

–

= Falta de información/ Lacking information

PEL = En peligro/Endangered VUL = Vulnerable/Vulnerable LR

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Menor riesgo/ Lower risk

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

211

Apéndice / Appendix 5 Plantas Espermatófitas / Seed Plants

E S P E R MATÓ F ITA S / S EED PLANTS

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Nombre vulgar / Common name

Nuevo registro / New record

Estatus en Cuba / Status in Cuba

Estatus en el mundo/ Global status

Citharexylum spinosum L.

Roble amarillo

–

Nat

–

Lantana camara L. var. camara

Filigrana cimarrona

–

Nat

–

Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl

–

Nat

–

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl

Verbena

–

Nat

–

Nat

–

Viscaceae Dendrophthora buxifolia (Lam.) Eichler Dendrophthora cupressoides (Macfad.) Eichler

–

Nat

–

Dendrophthora excisa Urb.

–

End

–

Dendrophthora remotiflora Urb.

–

Nat

–

Dendrophthora serpyllifolia (Griseb.) Krug & Urb.

–

Nat

–

Phoradendron hexastichum (DC.) Griseb.

–

Nat

–

Cissus grisebachii Planch.

–

End

–

Cissus verticillata (L.) D.H. Nicolson & C. Jarvis

Bejuco ubí

–

Nat

–

Vitaceae

Vitis tiliaefolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex R. & S.

–

Nat

–

sp. 1

–

Alpinia speciosa (Blume) D. Dietr.

Colonia

–

Int

–

Hedychium cf. gardnerianum Roscoe

Mariposa amarilla

–

Int

–

Zingiberaceae

Familia y género desconocidos / Family and genus unknown 14 spp.

LEYENDA / LEGEND

Nuevo registro/New record Bayamesa

Cuba

Oriente

S. Maestra

212

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

= Nuevo registro para el Parque/New record for the Park = Nueva en estado silvestre para Cuba/Species previously known only from cultivation in Cuba

Estatus en Cuba/Status in Cuba (fide la Flora de Cuba: León 1946; León y Alain. 1951, 1953, 1957; Alain 1964; Manitz y Gutjahr 1998; Greuter et al. 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2003, 2005)

Estatus mundial/Global status (IUCN 2004)

End = Endemismo/ Species endemic to Cuba

IND = Indeterminado/ Not determined but of conservation concern

= Nuevo registro para la Región Oriental de Cuba/ New record for the Eastern Region of Cuba

Int

= Introducido/ Species introduced to Cuba

Nat

= Nativo/Species native to Cuba but not endemic

= Nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra/ New record for the Sierra Maestra

–

= Falta de información/ Lacking information

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

PEL = En peligro/Endangered VUL = Vulnerable/Vulnerable LR

= Menor riesgo/ Lower risk

Apéndice / Appendix 6 Moluscos Terrestres / Terrestrial Mollusks

Especies de moluscos terrestres registrados en el Parque Nacional La Bayamesa, Cuba, durante junio del 2003 y febrero del 2004, por David Maceira F./Species of terrestrial mollusks recorded in La Bayamesa National Park, Cuba, during June 2003 and February 2004, by David Maceira F.

MO LU S C O S TE R R ESTRES / TERRESTRI AL M OLLUSKS

Nombre científico / Scientific name

Endemismo / Endemism

Abundancia/ Abundance

Hábitats/ Habitats

Microhábitats/ Microhabitats

Annulariidae Troschelvindex arangianum turquinensis Sánchez Roig, 1951

C-O

Ho, Pi

Alcadia (Idesa) spectabilis (Pfr., 1858)

Emoda pulcherrima pulcherrima (Lea, 1834)

Helicina subglobulosa leoni Aguayo & Jaume, 1958

Coryda lindoni (Pfr., 1846)

Cysticopsis lessavillei (Gundlach in Pfeiffer, 1861)

Cysticopsis pemphigodes (Pfeiffer, 1846)

Ho, Pi

Obeliscus (Stenogyra) clavus flavus Pilsbry, 1907

Ho, Pi

Obeliscus (Pseudobalea) latus Pilsbry, 1907

Ho, Pi

Camaenidae Zachrysia (Chrysias) bayamensis (Pfeiffer, 1854) Haplotremamatidae Haplotrema (Haplomena) paucispira (Poey, 1858) Helcinidae

Helminthoglyptidae

Oleacinidae Oleacina solidula (Pfr., 1840) Subulinidae

Veronicellidae Veronicella sp. nov.

LEYENDA / LEGEND

Endemismo/Endemism S

= Endémico de la Sierra Maestra/ Endemic to the Sierra Maestra

Abundancia/Abundance (individuos observados cada hora/ individuals observed per hour)

= Endémico de la Región Oriental/ Endemic to eastern Cuba

ab = Abundante/Abundant (6-16)

Microhábitats/Microhabitats

co = Común/Common (3-5)

Aa = Árboles y arbustos/ Trees and shrubs

C-O = Endémico Región Centro-Oriental/ Endemic to central-eastern Cuba C

= Endémico pancubano/ Endemic to Cuba

pc = Poco común/Uncommon (1-2)

Hábitats/Habitats BP = Bosque pluvial/Rainforest

Ho = Bajo hojarasca/Under leaf litter Pi

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Bajo piedras/ Under stones

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

213

Apéndice / Appendix 7 Arañas/Spiders

Especies de arañas registradas en el Parque Nacional La Bayamesa, Cuba, a partir de registros de literatura, revisión de la colección BIOECO, y colectas durante el inventario rápido del 1-10 de febrero del 2004, por Alexander Sánchez-Ruiz y Giraldo Alayón García.

A R A Ñ A S / S P ID E R S

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Endemismo / Endemism

Hábitats/ Habitats BS

–

Anyphaenidae 001

Hibana turquinensis (Bryant, 1940)*

Sierra

Araneidae 002

Alcimosphenus licinus Simon, 1895

–

003

Argiope argentata (Fabr., 1775)

–

004 004

Cyclosa walckenaeri (O.P. Cambridge, 1889)*

–

005 005 006

Eriophora ravilla (C.L. Koch, 1841)

–

006 007

Eustala anastera (Walckenaer, 1842)*

–

007 008

Gasteracantha cancriformis (L., 1767)

–

008 009

Metazygia wittfeldae (McCook, 1894)*

–

009 010

Micrathena banksi Levi, 1985

Cuba

–

010 011

Micrathena cubana (Banks, 1909)

Cuba

–

011 012

Micrathena forcipata (Thorell, 1859)

–

012 013

Micrathena horrida (Taczanowski, 1873)*

–

014 013 015

Neoscona arabesca (Walckenaer, 1842)*

–

014

Verrucosa arenata (Walckenaer, 1841)

–

016 015

Witica crassicauda (Keyserling, 1865)

–

Cuba

–

Celaethycheus cabriolatus Franganilllo, 1930*

Cuba

–

Ctenus brevitarsus Bryant, 1940*

Cuba

–

Ctenus vernalis Bryant, 1940

Cuba

–

Cupiennius cubae Strand, 1910

–

003

017

Barychelidae 018 016

Trichopelma cubanum (Simon, 1903)

019 020 Clubionidae 021 017

Clubiona sp.

022 Ctenidae 023 018 024 019 025

026 020 027 021 029

Deinopidae

214

030 022 031

Deinopis lamia MacLeay, 1839*

Cuba

–

023

Deinopis sp.*

–

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 7 Species of spiders recorded in La Bayamesa National Park, Cuba, from literature records, revision of spider collections at BIOECO, and collections made during the rapid inventory, 1-10 February 2004, by Alexander Sánchez-Ruiz and Giraldo Alayón García.

Arañas / Spiders

LEYENDA/LEGEND

001 001

Microhábitats/ Microhabitats

Comentarios / Commentaries

Sólo se conocía de dos ejemplares colectados en la localidad tipo en Pico Turquino (Bryant 1940). Un tercer ejemplar fue colectado durante el inventario rápido en camino a la Mesa, La Bayamesa, Granma.

= Especie colectada durante el inventario rápido y nunca antes registrada para el Parque Nacional La Bayamesa/Species collected during the rapid inventory and never before recorded in the Park

Endemismo/Endemism Sierra

= Endémico de la Sierra Maestra/ Endemic to the Sierra Maestra

002 002

–

003 003

Aa, Vh

Amplia distribución en Cuba, aunque es más abundante para la Región Oriental

004 004 004

Amplia distribución en toda la Region Oriental; sin embargo, no existían registros anteriores para el área de estudio.

005 005 005 006

Amplia distribución en Cuba

Hábitats/Habitats

006 006 007

No existían registros anteriores para el área de estudio; registro interesante.

007 008 007 008 009 008 009 010 009 010 011 010 011 012 011 012 013 012 014 013 015 013

Amplia distribución en Cuba

BS = Bosque semideciduo micrófilo / Semideciduous microphyll forest

No existían registros anteriores para el área de estudio.

Amplia distribución en Cuba

PM = Bosque pluvial montano / Mountain rainforest

Amplia distribución en la Sierra Maestra; sin embargo, no existían registros anteriores para el área de estudio.

BN = Bosque nublado/Cloud forest

Amplia distribución en Cuba; sin embargo, no existían registros anteriores para el área de estudio. La especies es un objeto de conservación.

014

Amplia distribución en Cuba

014 016 015

Amplia distribución en la Región Oriental

La especie estuvo registrada por Franganillo (1936) de la Sierra Maestra, y Alayón (2000) la registra para otras localidades del archipiélago.

003

Oriente = Endémico de Cuba oriental / Endemic to eastern Cuba Cuba

= Endémico cubano/ Endemic to Cuba

BV = Bosque siempreverde / Evergreen forest BP = Bosque de pinos/Pine forest

VS = Vegetación secundaria / Disturbed, secondary vegetation X

= Especie colectada o registrada en el hábitat/Species collected or recorded in the habitat

017 018 015 016 019

Microhábitats/Microhabitats Aa

020 016 021 017

La especie no se ha podido determinar.

Registrada de pocas localidades en Cuba (Alayón 2000); no existían registros anteriores para el área de estudio.

022 017 023 018 024 018 019 025

026 020 019 027 021 020 029

= En hojas y ramas de árboles o arbustos/Leaves and branches of trees or shrubs

Bc = Bajo corteza de troncos / Under tree bark Bp = Bajo piedras/Under rocks

Registrada de algunas localidades en la Región Central y Oriental del archipiélago (Alayón 2000); no existían registros anteriores para el área de estudio.

Ch = Construcciones humanas / Buildings, other man-made structures

Bp, Sh

Amplia distribución en Cuba

Bc, Bp, Sh

Amplia distribución en Cuba

Sh = En el suelo o la hojarasca / On ground or leaf litter Vh

030 022 021 031

Amplia distribución en Cuba; sin embargo, no existían registros anteriores para el área de estudio.

022 023

No corresponde con ninguna de las dos especies registradas para Cuba.

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Vegetación herbácea / On herbaceous vegetation

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

215

Apéndice / Appendix 7 Arañas/Spiders

A R A Ñ A S / S P ID E R S

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Endemismo / Endemism

Hábitats/ Habitats BS

–

Dipluridae 001 024

Ischnothele longicauda Franganillo, 1930

Filistatidae 025

Kukulcania hibernalis (Hentz, 1842)

Hahniidae 002 026

Hahnia sp.*

003

Linyphiidae 004 027 005

Florinda coccinea (Hentz, 1850)

–

006 028

Frontinella sp.*

–

Anopsicus sp.*

–

007

Lycosidae 008 029 009

Lycosa sp.

Oxyopidae 010 030 011

Peucetia viridans (Hentz, 1832)

Pholcidae 012 031 013 014 015 032

Leptopholcus delicatulus Franganillo, 1930

Cuba

–

033 016

Modisimus pavidus Bryant, 1940*

Sierra

–

017 034

Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski, 1873)

–

Agobardus prominens Bryant, 1940*

Cuba

–

021 036

Anasaitis sp.

–

022 037

Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour, 1831)*

–

038 024

Phidippus regius C.L. Koch, 1846*

–

025 039

Sidusa turquinensis Bryant, 1940

Cuba

–

Siloca cubana Bryant, 1940*

Cuba

–

Scytodes cubensis Alayón, 1977

Cuba

–

Scytodes fusca Walckenaer, 1837

–

Scytodes longipes Lucas, 1844

–

018

Salticidae 019 035 020

023

040 026 027

Scytodidae 029 041 030 042 031 043

216

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 7 Arañas / Spiders

LEYENDA/LEGEND

001 024

Microhábitats/ Microhabitats

Comentarios / Commentaries

Bp, Sh

Abundante en el área de estudio

= Especie colectada durante el inventario rápido y nunca antes registrada para el Parque Nacional La Bayamesa/Species collected during the rapid inventory and never before recorded in the Park

Endemismo/Endemism Sierra

002 025

Aa, Ch

Amplia distribución en Cuba

002 003 026

Esta familia fue registrada recientemente para Cuba por Ávila (2000) de Sierra Cristal. Encontramos varias hembras adultas cerca de Nuevo Mundo, Guisa, Granma.

003

= Endémico de la Sierra Maestra/ Endemic to the Sierra Maestra

Oriente = Endémico de Cuba oriental / Endemic to eastern Cuba Cuba

= Endémico cubano/ Endemic to Cuba

004 027 005 004

Registrada de pocas localidades en Cuba

006 028 005

La especie no se ha podido determinar, pero el género constituye un nuevo registro para el área de estudio.

007

Hábitats/Habitats BS = Bosque semideciduo micrófilo / Semideciduous microphyll forest

008 029 009 006

BV = Bosque siempreverde / Evergreen forest

La especie no se ha podido determinar.

Amplia distribución en Cuba

Posiblemente algunas de las tres especies registradas para Cuba. Este género sólo se conocía de la Región Central del archipiélago, y constituye un nuevo registro para la Región Oriental.

010 030 011 007

BP = Bosque de pinos/Pine forest PM = Bosque pluvial montano / Mountain rainforest

012 031 013 008 014 015 032 009

Amplia distribución en Cuba

033 010 016

Descrita de la ladera sur del Pico Turquino; y registrada por Alayón (2000) de los alrededores de Santiago de Cuba.

017 034 011

Bp, Ch, Vh

Especie sinantrópica de amplia distribución en Cuba

Conocida de la provincia de Cienfuegos en la Región Central de Cuba; nuevo registro para la Región Oriental en Pico La Bayamesa, Guisa, Granma

VS = Vegetación secundaria / Disturbed, secondary vegetation X

018 019 012 035

BN = Bosque nublado/Cloud forest

= Especie colectada o registrada en el hábitat/Species collected or recorded in the habitat

Microhábitats/Microhabitats

020

= En hojas y ramas de árboles o arbustos/Leaves and branches of trees or shrubs

013 021 036

La especie no se ha podido determinar.

014 022 037

Aa, Ch

Especie sinantrópica muy abundante en toda Cuba; sin embargo, no había sido registrada para el área de estudio.

Bc = Bajo corteza de troncos / Under tree bark

Aa, Bc

Especie muy abundante en la Región Oriental; sin embargo, no había sido registrada para el área de estudio.

Bp = Bajo piedras/Under rocks

023 015 038 024 025 016 039 017 040 026

Registrada de pocas localidades en Cuba (Alayón 2000) Aa

Registrada de pocas localidades en Cuba (Alayón 2000); no existían registros anteriores para el área de estudio.

027 029 041 018 030 042 019 031 043 020

Bp, Sh

Ch = Construcciones humanas / Buildings, other man-made structures Sh = En el suelo o la hojarasca / On ground or leaf litter Vh

Amplia distribución en Cuba

Aa, Ch

Especie sinantrópica, amplia distribución en Cuba

Especie sinantrópica, registrada por Bryant (1940) de toda Cuba

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

= Vegetación herbácea / On herbaceous vegetation

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

217

Apéndice / Appendix 7 Arañas/Spiders

A R A Ñ A S / S P ID E R S

Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Endemismo / Endemism

Hábitats/ Habitats BS

–

Heteropoda venatoria (L., 1767)*

–

Stasina sp.

–

– –

Segestriidae 001 044

Ariadna arthuri Petrunkevitch, 1926*

Selenopidae 045

Selenops sp.

002

Sicariidae 046

Loxosceles cubana Gertsch, 1958

003 Sparassidae 004 047 005 006 048 007

Tetragnathidae 008 049

Chrysometa sp.

–

009 050

Leucauge argyra (Walckenaer, 1841)

–

010 051

Leucauge regny (Simon, 1897)

–

011 052

Leucauge spiculosa Bryant, 1940*

Sierra

–

012 053

Nephila clavipes (L., 1767)

–

013 054

Tetragnatha sp.

–

X X

014 Theraphosidae 015 055

Citharacanthus spinicrus (Latreille, 1819)

–

056

Phormictopus sp.*

–

016

Theridiidae 017 057 018

Achaearanea turquino Levi, 1959 *

Cuba

–

058 019

Argyrodes elevatus Taczanowski, 1873

–

059 020

Faiditus cubensis (Exline & Levi, 1962)

Oriente

–

060 022

Latrodectus geometricus C.L. Koch, 1841

–

061 023

Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775)

–

062 024

Spintharus flavidus Hentz, 1850

–

063 025

Theridion evexum Keyserling, 1884

–

021

Thomisidae 064 026

Misumenops bellulus (Banks, 1896)*

–

Uloboridae 027 065 029

Uloborus sp.

–

030 031

218

RAPID BIOLOGI CAL INVENTORI ES

I NFORM E / REPORT NO. 13

Apéndice /Appendix 7 Arañas / Spiders

LEYENDA/LEGEND

001 044

Microhábitats/ Microhabitats

Comentarios / Commentaries

Registrada de pocas localidades en Cuba; constituye un nuevo registro para el área de estudio.

= Especie colectada durante el inventario rápido y nunca antes registrada para el Parque Nacional La Bayamesa/Species collected during the rapid inventory and never before recorded in the Park

Endemismo/Endemism Sierra

002 045

La especie no se ha podido determinar.

Oriente = Endémico de Cuba oriental / Endemic to eastern Cuba

002 003 046

Amplia distribución en Cuba

Cuba

003 004 004 047

Ch, Sh

Especie sinantrópica de amplia distribución en Cuba; sin embargo, no existían registros anteriores para el área de estudio.

La especie no se ha podido determinar.

005 006 005 048

= Endémico de la Sierra Maestra/ Endemic to the Sierra Maestra

= Endémico cubano/ Endemic to Cuba

Hábitats/Habitats BS = Bosque semideciduo micrófilo / Semideciduous microphyll forest

007 008 006 049

La especie no se ha podido determinar.

009 007 050

Aa, Vh

Amplia distribución en Cuba

BV = Bosque siempreverde / Evergreen forest

010 008 051

Amplia distribución en Cuba

BP = Bosque de pinos/Pine forest

011 009 052

Conocida de pocas localidades en la Sierra Maestra

012 010 053

Amplia distribución en Cuba

PM = Bosque pluvial montano / Mountain rainforest

013 011 054

La especie no se ha podido determinar.

BN = Bosque nublado/Cloud forest VS = Vegetación secundaria / Disturbed, secondary vegetation

014 015 012 055

Amplia distribución en Cuba

013 056

La especie no se ha podido determinar, pero el género constituye un nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra en Pico La Bayamesa, Guisa, Granma.

016

= Especie colectada o registrada en el hábitat/Species collected or recorded in the habitat

017 014 057 018

Conocida de pocas localidades en Cuba

015 058 019

Amplia distribución en Cuba

016 059 020

–

Conocida sólo de dos localidades en la Región Oriental: Pico La Bayamesa (localidad tipo), y la Melba, Moa, Holguín

060 017 022

Amplia distribución en Cuba

061 018 023

Amplia distribución en Cuba

Bc = Bajo corteza de troncos / Under tree bark

062 019 024

Amplia distribución en Cuba

Bp = Bajo piedras/Under rocks

063 020 025

Amplia distribución en Cuba

Ch = Construcciones humanas / Buildings, other man-made structures

064 021 026

Nuevo registro para la Sierra Maestra

La especie no se ha podido determinar.

021

027 022 065 029

Microhábitats/Microhabitats Aa

= En hojas y ramas de árboles o arbustos/Leaves and branches of trees or shrubs

Sh = En el suelo o la hojarasca / On ground or leaf litter Vh

030

= Vegetación herbácea / On herbaceous vegetation

031

C U BA : LA BAYA M E S A

N OVI E M BRE / N OVE MB ER 2005

219

Apéndice / Appendix 8 Otros Arácnidos/ Other Arachnids

Especies de escorpiones, amblipigios, y esquizómidos registrados en el Parque Nacional La Bayamesa, Cuba, durante el inventario rápido del 2-10 de febrero del 2004, por Rolando Teruel./Species of scorpions, amblypygids, and schizomids recorded in La Bayamesa National Park, Cuba, during the rapid inventory, 1-10 February 2004, by Rolando Teruel.

OT R O S A R Á C N ID O S / OTHER ARACHNI DS

Nombre científico/ Scientific name Nombre científico/ Scientific name

Endemismo / Endemism Endemismo / Endemism

AMBLYPYGI

Abundancia por hábitat / Abundance by habitat Sectores / Sectors Siempre Pluvial Pinos

Secund

Pluvial

Siempre

Pinos

Secund

Microhábitat/ Microhabitat Microhábitat/ Microhabitat

Phrynidae Paraphrynus robustus (Franganillo, 1930)

–

Phrynus hispaniolae Armas & Pérez, 2001

–

SCHIZOMIDA Hubbardiidae Cubazomus sp. nov. SCORPIONES Buthidae Rhopalurus junceus (Herbst, 1800)

–

Centruroides anchorellus Armas, 1976

–

Scorpionidae Cazierius gundlachii (Karsch, 1880)

LEYENDA / LEGEND

Endemismo/Endemism

Hábitats/Habitats

Abundancia/Abundance

Pluvial

= Común/Common (>5 ejemplares por muestreo/>5 specimens per sampling)

= Raro/ Rare (

Parque Nacional La Bayamesa - M.MOAM.INFO (2025)

References